AP World History Chapter 27 Flashcards

3995625267	1. Congress of Vienna	conservation, reactionary meeting, led by Prince Metternich, restore Europe to preRevolutionary time	0
3995625268	2. Holy Alliance	alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna	1
3995625269	3. Decembrist uprising	political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I	2
3995625270	4. Alexander I	1815; Russian tsar who supported conservatives and joined the Holy Alliance	3
3995625271	5. Nicholas I	1825-1855; Russian tsar who put down the Decembrist Uprising, expanded territory and crushed liberal ideas	4
3995625272	6. Alexander II	the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs	5
3995625273	7. Crimean War	war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire aided by France and Britain over the Holy Land	6
3995625274	8. Emancipation of the serfs	Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained	7
3995625275	9. Zemstvos	local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy	8
3995625276	10. Trans-Siberian railroad	constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia	9
3995625277	11. Count Witte	Russian minister of finance (1892-1903); economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investment in industry	10
3995625278	12. Intelligentsia	Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic system; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from the West	11
3995625279	13. Anarchists	political groups that thought the abolition of formal government as a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first large terrorist movement	12
3995625280	14. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin	Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells	13
3995625281	15. Bolsheviks	literally the majority party, but actually a minority group; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement	14
3995625282	16. Russian Revolution of 1905	defeat by Japan resulted marked by strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms	15
3995625283	17. Dutch studies	studies of Western science and technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center	16
3995625284	18. Diet	legislative branch in Japan	17
3995625285	19. Duma	Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms following the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II	18
3995625286	20. Stolypin reforms	Russian minister who introduced reforms intended to placate the peasantry after the Revolution of 1905; included reduction of land redemption payments and an attempt to create a market- oriented peasantry	19
3995625287	21. Yellow Peril	U.S fear of Japan's imperialism	20
3995625288	22. Kulaks	agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production	21
3995625289	23. Terakoya	commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by mid- 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West	22
3995625290	24. Matthew Perry	American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade	23
3995625291	25. Meiji Restoration	power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period	24
3995625292	26. Zaibatsu	huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890s	25
3995625293	27. Sino-Japanese War	War fought between China and Japan; after Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighboring China	26
3995625294	28. Russo-Japanese War	Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc.; began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win; both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH were TR mediated the Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905	27