AP Biology- Biochemistry 2016 Flashcards

4850196691	ionic bond	bond resulting from a transfer of electrons	0
4850196692	covalent bond	bond resulting from the sharing of electrons	1
4850196693	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	2
4850196694	polar	electrons shared unequally	3
4850196695	buffer	substance that resists changes in pH	4
4850196696	isomer	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure	5
4850196697	structural isomer	isomer differing in the arrangement of atoms	6
4850196698	geometric isomer	isomer differing in the spacial arrangement of double bonds	7
4850196699	optical isomers / enantiomer	isomers that are mirror images of each other	8
4850196700	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	9
4850196701	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	10
4850196702	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	11
4850196703	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	12
4850196704	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates	13
4850196705	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	14
4850196706	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	15
4850196707	glycerol	alcohol portion of a lipid	16
4850196708	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	17
4850196709	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	18
4850196710	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	19
4850196711	steroid	lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone	20
4850196712	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	21
4850196713	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	22
4850196714	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds	23
4850196715	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; determines specificity	24
4850196716	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain	25
4850196717	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	26
4850196718	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	27
4850196719	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	28
4850196720	cohesion	capacity to resist tension to rupture	29
4850196721	salt	compound that releases ion other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water	30
4850196722	chemical equilibrium	when the reaction rate is about the same in either direction	31
4850196723	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	32
4850196724	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers	33
4850196725	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	34
4850196726	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	35
4850196727	van der Waals interactions	tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations	36
4850196728	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	37
4850196729	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another	38
4850196730	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water	39
4850196731	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	40
4850196732	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	41
4850196733	glycosodic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction	42
4850196734	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	43
4850196735	pyramidine	cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring	44
4850196736	purine	adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring	45
4850196737	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	46
4850196738	carbonyl	carbon double bonded to oxygen; ketones and aldehydes	47
4850196739	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	48
4850196740	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	49
4850196741	sulfhydryl	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	50
4850196742	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	51
4850196743	methyl	carbon bonded to three hydrogens; arrangement determines function of male and female sex hormones	52