AP World History Chapter 7: Flashcards

5062802928	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	0
5062811749	Shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds; several wives, and many children	1
5062819245	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam.	2
5062829638	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750.	3
5062836130	Quraysh	Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century c.e.	4
5062839888	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam.	5
5062850446	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra).	6
5062860371	Allah	The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith.	7
5062871037	Sasanian Empires	The dynasty that ruled Persia (contemporary Iran) in the centuries before the rise of Muhammad and the early decades of Islamic expansion.	8
5062876056	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c.570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 c.e. and thereafter; died in 632.	9
5062885029	Khadijah	First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader.	10
5062889607	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam.	11
5062896003	Ali	(c. 599-661) Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a.	12
5062900322	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity.	13
5062906178	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.	14
5062910727	Five Pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj.	15
5062929904	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	16
5062934323	Hajj	A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	17
5062939977	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad.	18
5062941400	Abu Bakr	The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community.	19
5062949710	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam.	20
5062957737	Jihads	Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding.	21
5062967578	Copts	Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule.	22
5062971250	Nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia, tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions.	23
5063010674	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan.	24
5063020611	Battle of Stiffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party.	25
5063024677	Mu'awiya	(602-680) Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali.	26
5063028998	Sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads.	27
5063031211	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali.	28
5063038822	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate.	29
5063047162	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate.	30
5063048789	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam.	31
5063050075	Jizya	Head tax paid by all non believers in Islamic territories/	32
5063052570	Dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus.	33
5063061130	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad.	34
5063065322	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 c.e.	35
5063067685	Battle of the River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital.	36
5063077066	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	37
5063082368	Wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire.	38
5063088088	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular of lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.	39
5063099425	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.	40