Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 3823670383 | What is the most common intracellular buffer? | Protein | 0 | |
| 3823670384 | What is the most common extracellular buffer? | Bicarbonate | 1 | |
| 3823670385 | What is a Zwitterion? | A molecule with one negative and one positive end | 2 | |
| 3823670386 | What is the Isoelectric Point? | The pH at which there is no net charge | 3 | |
| 3823670387 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycolysis? | PFK-1 |  | 4 |
| 3823670388 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Gluconeogenesis? | Pyruvate carboxylase |  | 5 |
| 3823670389 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in the HMP shunt? | G-6PD |  | 6 |
| 3823670390 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenesis? | Glycogen synthase |  | 7 |
| 3823670391 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Glycogenolysis? | Glycogen phosphorylase |  | 8 |
| 3823670392 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in FA synthesis? | AcCoA carboxylase |  | 9 |
| 3823670393 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in β oxidation? | CAT-1 | 10 | |
| 3823670394 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Cholesterol synthesis? | HMG CoA reductase | 11 | |
| 3823670395 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Ketogenosis? | HMG CoA S'nd1ase |  | 12 |
| 3823670396 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Purine synthesis? | PRPP synd1ase | 13 | |
| 3823670397 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Pyrimidine synthesis? | Asp transcarbamoylase |  | 14 |
| 3823670398 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle | Isocitrate dehydrogenase? |  | 15 |
| 3823670399 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Urea cycle? | CPS-I |  | 16 |
| 3823670400 | What is the rate limiting enzyme in Heme synthesis? | delta-ALA synthase |  | 17 |
| 3823670401 | What are the catabolic pathways that create energy? | ''ABC" AcetylCoA production β-oxidation Citric acid cycle | 18 | |
| 3823670402 | What are the anabolic pathways that store energy? MUST EDIT | "EFGH" ER fatty acid synthesis Glycolysis HMP shunt | 19 | |
| 3823670403 | What are the anabolic + catabolic pathways? | "HUG" Heme synthesis Urea cycle Gluconeogenesis | 20 | |
| 3823670404 | What does an Isomerase do? | Creates an isomer | 21 | |
| 3823670405 | What does an Epimerase do? | Creates an epimer, which differs around 1 chiral carbon | 22 | |
| 3823670406 | What does a Mutase do? | Moves sidechain from one carbon to another (intrachain) | 23 | |
| 3823670407 | What does a Transferase do? | Moves sidechain from one substrate to another (interchain) | 24 | |
| 3823670408 | What does a Kinase do? | Phosphorylates using ATP | 25 | |
| 3823670409 | What does a Phosphorylase do? | Phosphorylates using Pi | 26 | |
| 3823670410 | What does a Carboxylase do? | Forms C-C bonds (w/ ATP and biotin) | 27 | |
| 3823670411 | What does a Synthase do? | Consumes 2 substrates | 28 | |
| 3823670412 | What does a Synthetase do? | Consumes 2 substrates, uses ATP | 29 | |
| 3823670413 | What does a Phosphatase do? | Breaks phosphate bond | 30 | |
| 3823670414 | What does a Hydrolase do? | Breaks a bond with water | 31 | |
| 3823670415 | What does a Lyase do? | Cuts C-C bonds w/ ATP | 32 | |
| 3823670416 | What does a Dehydrogenase do? | Removes H with a cofactor | 33 | |
| 3823670417 | What does a Thio do? | Breaks S bonds | 34 | |
| 3823670418 | What is Diffusion? | From high to low concentration | 35 | |
| 3823670419 | What is Active Transport? | Goes against concentration gradient | 36 | |
| 3823670420 | What is Zero-order kinetics? | Metabolism independent of concentration | 37 | |
| 3823670421 | What is 1st-order kinetics? | Constant drug percentage metabolism over time, depends on drug concentration | 38 | |
| 3823670422 | What is Efficacy? | Max effect regardless of dose (lower w/ non-competitive antagonist) | 39 | |
| 3823670423 | What effects Efficacy? | Vmax | 40 | |
| 3823670424 | What is Potency? | amount of drug needed to produce effect (lower w/ comp antagonist) | 41 | |
| 3823670425 | What affects Potency? | Km | 42 | |
| 3823670426 | What is Kd? | Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors | 43 | |
| 3823670427 | What is EC5o? | Concentration of drug that produces 50% of maximal response | 44 | |
| 3823670428 | What is Competitive Inhibition? | Fights for active site, no change in Vmax, potency decreases | 45 | |
| 3823670429 | What is Non-competitive Inhibition? | Binds a regulatory site, no change in Km, efficacy decreases, decreased Vmax | 46 | |
| 3823670430 | What is an Endothermic Reaction | consumes heat | 47 | |
| 3823670431 | What is an Exothermic Reaction | Gives off heat | 48 | |
| 3823670432 | What is the Peak level | 4 hrs after dose (too high=> decrease dose) | 49 | |
| 3823670433 | What is the Trough level | 2 hrs before next dose (too high => give less often) | 50 | |
| 3823670434 | What is t1/2 | Half-life, the time it takes for the body to use half of the drug ingested | 51 | |
| 3823670435 | What is von Gierke | G-6Pase deficiency= > hypoglycemia, hepatosplenomegaly | 52 | |
| 3823670436 | What is Pompe's | Cardiac alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency = > DIE early | 53 | |
| 3823670437 | What is Cori's | DEbranching enzyme deficiency = > short branches of glycogen | 54 | |
| 3823670438 | What is Anderson's | Branching enzyme deficiency = > long chains of glycogen | 55 | |
| 3823670439 | What is McArdle's | Muscle phosphorylase deficiency = > muscle cramps w/ exercise | 56 | |
| 3823670440 | What is Essential Fructosuria | Fructokinase deficiency => excrete fructose (still have hexokinase) | 57 | |
| 3823670441 | What is Fructosemia | "Fructose intolerance" (Aldolase B deficiency ) →liver damage | 58 | |
| 3823670442 | What does a Galactokinase deficiency cause | Cataracts | 59 | |
| 3823670443 | What does Galactosemia cause | Cataracts, mental retarda tion, liver damage | 60 | |
| 3823670444 | What does the Citrate shuttle do | FA transport out of the mitochondria | 61 | |
| 3823670445 | What does the Carnitine shuttle do | FA transport into the mitochondria | 62 | |
| 3823670446 | What lysosomal diseases have a cherry-red macula | Tay-Sachs, Niemann- Pick | 63 | |
| 3823670447 | What lysosomal diseases have a Gargoyle face | Gaucher's, Hurler's | 64 | |
| 3823670448 | What is Tay-Sachs | Hexosaminidase A deficiency=> blindness, incoordination, dementia | 65 | |
| 3823670449 | What is Sandhoff's | Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency | 66 | |
| 3823670450 | What is Gaucher's | Glucocerebrosidase d eficiency => wrinkled tissue MP, bone pain | 67 | |
| 3823670451 | What is Niemann-Pick | Sphingomyelinase deficiency => zebra bodies | 68 | |
| 3823670452 | What is Fabry's | alpha-galactosidase deficiency=> corneal clouding, attacks baby's kidneys , X-linked | 69 | |
| 3823670453 | What is Krabbe's | beta-galactosidase deficiency=> globoid bodies | 70 | |
| 3823670454 | What is Metachromatic Leukodystrophy | Arylsulfatase deficiency => childhood MS | 71 | |
| 3823670455 | What is Hunter's | Iduronidase deficiency, milder form | 72 | |
| 3823670456 | What is Hurler's | Iduronidase deficiency, worse form | 73 | |
| 3823670457 | What is Lesch-Nyhan | (HGPRT deficiency) =>gout, neuropathy, self-mutilation | 74 | |
| 3823670458 | What do white diaper crystals suggest | Excess orotic acid (pyrimidine synthesis pathway) | 75 | |
| 3823670459 | What does biotin donate methyl groups for | Carboxylation | 76 | |
| 3823670460 | What does THF donate methyl groups for | Nucleotides | 77 | |
| 3823670461 | What does SAM donate methyl groups for | All other reactions | 78 | |
| 3823670462 | What is the difference b/w Heterochromatin and Euchromatin | Heterochromatin = tightly coiled (30nm fibers) Euchromatin = loose ( 10nm fibers ) | 79 | |
| 3823670463 | What are the Purines | A,G | 80 | |
| 3823670464 | What are the Pyrimidines | C,U,T | 81 | |
| 3823670465 | What is a silent mutation | Changes leave the same amino acid | 82 | |
| 3823670466 | What is a point mutation | Changes 1 base | 83 | |
| 3823670467 | What is a transition | Changes 1 purine to another purine | 84 | |
| 3823670468 | What is a transversion | Changes 1 purine to a pyrimidine | 85 | |
| 3823670469 | What is a frameshift mutation | Insert or delete 1 -2 bases | 86 | |
| 3823670470 | What is a missense mutation | Mistaken amino acid substitution | 87 | |
| 3823670471 | What is a nonsense mutation | Early stop codon | 88 | |
| 3823670472 | What does a Southern blot detect | DNA "SNOW DROP" | 89 | |
| 3823670473 | What does a Northern blot detect | RNA "SNOW DROP" | 90 | |
| 3823670474 | What does a Western blot detect | Protein "SNOW DROP" | 91 | |
| 3823670475 | What are the essential amino acids | "I saw he phoned at 3:09, and met licentious argentines - Lucy, Tracy and Val" Ile His Phe Thr Met Lys Arg Leu Trp Val | 92 | |
| 3823670476 | What are the essential fatty acids | Linolenic, Linoleic | 93 | |
| 3823670477 | What are the acidic amino acids | Asp, Glu | 94 | |
| 3823670478 | What are the basic amino acids | Lys, Arg | 95 | |
| 3823670479 | What are the sulfur-containing amino acids | Cys, Met | 96 | |
| 3823670480 | What are the 0-bond amino acids | Ser, Thr, Tyr | 97 | |
| 3823670481 | What are the N-bond amino acids | Asp, Gln - Acidic | 98 | |
| 3823670482 | What ate the branched amino acids | Leu, Ile, Val "I saw Lucy and Val" | 99 | |
| 3823670483 | What are the aromatic amino acids | Phe, Tyr, Trp | 100 | |
| 3823670484 | What is the smallest amino acid | Gly | 101 | |
| 3823670485 | What are the ketogenic amino acids | Lys, Leu | 102 | |
| 3823670486 | What are the glucogenic + ketogenic amino acids | PITT Phe, Iso, Thr, Trp | 103 | |
| 3823670487 | What are the glucogenic amino acids | All the rest | 104 | |
| 3823670488 | What amino acids does Trypsin cut | Lys, Arg - basic | 105 | |
| 3823670489 | What amino acids does beta-ME cut | Cys, Met | 106 | |
| 3823670490 | What amino acids does Acid Hydrolysis denature | Asp, Gln | 107 | |
| 3823670491 | What·amino acids does Chymotrypsin cut | Phe, Tyr, Trp - aromatic | 108 | |
| 3823670492 | What amino acid turns yellow on Nurhydrin reaction | Pro | 109 | |
| 3823670493 | What does Carboxyptidase cut | Left of any amino acid on th e carboxyl- terminal | 110 | |
| 3823670494 | What does Aminopeptidase cut | Right t of N terminus | 111 | |
| 3823670495 | What does CNBr cut | Right o f Met | 112 | |
| 3823670496 | What does Mercaptoethanol cut | Right of Cys, Met - sulfur | 113 | |
| 3823670497 | What does Elastase cut | Right of Gly, Ala, Ser | 114 | |
| 3823670498 | What does Trypsin cut | Arg, Lys - basic | 115 | |
| 3823670499 | What does Chymotrypsin cut | Phe, Tyr , Trp - aromatic | 116 | |
| 3823670500 | What does alpha1-AT do | Inhibits trypsin from getting loose | 117 | |
| 3823670501 | What is PKU | No Phe --> Tyr (via Phe Hydroxylase) : Nutrasweet sensitivity, mental retardation , pale, blond hair, blue eyes, musty odor | 118 | |
| 3823670502 | What is Albinism | No Tyr--> Melanin (via Tyrosinase) | 119 | |
| 3823670503 | What is Maple Syrup Urine disease | Defective metabolism of branced aa (Leu, Iso, Val)=> aa leak out | 120 | |
| 3823670504 | What is Homocystinuria | No Homocystine --> Cys : "COLA" stones Cystine, Ornithine, Lysine, Arginine | 121 | |
| 3823670505 | What is Pellagra | Niacin deficiency: • Dermatitis, Diarrhea , Dementia , Death | 122 | |
| 3823670506 | What is Hartnup's | No Tr p => Niacin + Serotonin • Presents like Pellagra • Can mimic corn-rich diet | 123 | |
| 3823670507 | What causes anterior leg bowing | Neonatal syphilis | 124 | |
| 3823670508 | What causes lateral leg bowing | Rickets | 125 | |
| 3823670509 | What are the names of the B vitamins | "The Rich Never Lie about Panning Pyrite Filled Creeks" Vit B1 = Thiamine Vit B2 = Riboflavin Vit B3 = Niacin Vit B4, = Lipoic acid Vit B5 = Pantothenic acid Vit B6 = Pyridoxine Vit B9 = Folate Vit B12 = Cobalamin | 126 | |
| 3823670510 | What does VitA do | Night vision , CSF production , PTH | 127 | |
| 3823670511 | Wha t does Vit B 1 do | Dehydrogenases, transketolasc (PPP) cofactors | 128 | |
| 3823670512 | What does Vit B 2 do | FAD cofactor | 129 | |
| 3823670513 | What does Vit B3 do | NAD cofactor | 130 | |
| 3823670514 | What does Vit B 4 do | Glycolysis, no known diseases | 131 | |
| 3823670515 | What does Vit B 5 do | Part of AcetylCoA, no known diseases | 132 | |
| 3823670516 | What does Vit B 6 do | Transaminase cofactor, myelin integrity | 133 | |
| 3823670517 | What does Vit B 9 do | Nuclear division | 134 | |
| 3823670518 | What does Vit B 12 do | Cofactor for HMT MMM | 135 | |
| 3823670519 | What does Vit C do | Collagen synthesis | 136 | |
| 3823670520 | What does Vit D do | Mineralization of bones, teeth | 137 | |
| 3823670521 | What does Vit K do | Clotting | 138 | |
| 3823670522 | What does Biotin do | Carboxylation | 139 | |
| 3823670523 | What does Ca2+ do | Neuronal function, atrial depobrization, skeletal muscle depolarization | 140 | |
| 3823670524 | What does Cu2+ do | Collagen synthesis | 141 | |
| 3823670525 | What does Fe2+ do | Hb function, electron transport | 142 | |
| 3823670526 | What is Bronze pigmentation | Fe deposit in skin | 143 | |
| 3823670527 | What is Bronze cirrhosis | Fe deposit in liver | 144 | |
| 3823670528 | What is Bronze diabetes | Fe deposit in pancreas | 145 | |
| 3823670529 | What is Hemosiderosis | Fe overload in bone marrow | 146 | |
| 3823670530 | What is Hemochromatosis | Fe deposit in organs | 147 | |
| 3823670531 | What does Mg2+ do | PTH and kinase cofactor | 148 | |
| 3823670532 | What does Zn2+ do | Taste buds, hair, sperm function | 149 | |
| 3823670533 | What does Cr do (chromium) | Insulin function | 150 | |
| 3823670534 | What does Mo do (molybdenum) | Purine breakdown (xanthine oxidase) | 151 | |
| 3823670535 | What does Mn do (manganese) | Glycolysis | 152 | |
| 3823670536 | What does Se do (selenium) | Heart function :::::> dilated cardiomyopathy | 153 | |
| 3823670537 | What does Sn do (tin) | Hair | 154 | |
| 3823670538 | What is Kwashiorkor | Malabsorption, big belly (ascites), protein deficiency | 155 | |
| 3823670539 | What is Marasmus | Starvation, skinny, calorie deficiency | 156 | |
| 3823670540 | Where does the Pre label send stuff to | ER | 157 | |
| 3823670541 | Where does the Pro label send stuff to | Golgi | 158 | |
| 3823670542 | Where does the Mannose-6-P send stuff to | Lysosome | 159 | |
| 3823670543 | Where does the N-terminal sequence send stuff to | Mitochondria | 160 | |
| 3823670544 | What are the 4 types of collagen | "SCAB" Type 1: Skin, bone Type II: Connective tissue, aqueous humor Type III: Arteries Type IV: Basement membrane | 161 | |
| 3823670545 | How does Scleroderma present | Tight skin | 162 | |
| 3823670546 | How does Ehlers Danlos present | Hyperstretchable skin | 163 | |
| 3823670547 | How does Marfan's present | Hyperextensible joints, arachnodactyly, wing span longer than height, Aortic root dilatation, aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse, Dislocated lens from bottom of eye -> look up | 164 | |
| 3823670548 | How does Homocystinuria present | Dislocated lens from top -> look down | 165 | |
| 3823670549 | How does Kinky hair disease present | Hair looks like copper wire (Cu deficiency) | 166 | |
| 3823670550 | How does Scurvy present | Bleeding gums, bleeding hair follicles | 167 | |
| 3823670551 | How does Takayasu arteritis present | Asian female with very weak pulse | 168 | |
| 3823670552 | How does Osteogenesis lmperfecta present | Shattered bones, blue sclera | 169 |