Biochemistry Flashcards

6628868827	the ground state	If all the electrons in an atom are in the lowest available energy levels, the atom is said to be in...	0
6628874313	isotopes	Atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus (they are chemically identical)	1
6628887854	tracer	A radioisotope that can be incorporated into a molecule and used to trace the path of a molecule in a metabolic pathway	2
6628896174	released	When bonds are formed, is energy released or accepted?	3
6628899656	atoms acquire a more stable configuration by completing their outer shell	Why is energy released during bond formation?	4
6628906423	ionic bond	A bond that results from the transfer of electrons	5
6628908167	covalent bond	A bond that results from the sharing of electrons	6
6628913741	nonpolar bond	The bond when the electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms	7
6628916313	polar covalent bonds	The bond when the electrons are shared unequally between two atoms (whenever the bond is between two different atoms)	8
6628930120	polar and ionic substances (they are hydrophilic)	What kinds of things dissolve in water?	9
6628940570	yes - oxygen is highly negative and h is highly positive	Is water polar? If so, in what way?	10
6628947774	a hydrogen bond	A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other	11
6628954181	specific heat	The amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1 degree celcius	12
6628958883	the marine biome is very stable	What does the high specific heat of water affect in the environment?	13
6628963515	water has a high heat of vaporization	What is important about water that relates to sweat?	14
6628973719	water exhibits strong cohesion tension	What is the phrase that means that the molecules of water tend to attract one another?	15
6628979666	transpirational-pull cohesion tension	The ability of water to move up a tall tree from the roots to the leaves without the expenditure of energy (as you lose one molecule from transpiration, another takes its place)	16
6628983192	cohesion	The clinging of like molecules	17
6628983193	adhesion	The clinging of unlike molecules	18
6629006378	spring overturn	Dissolved Oxygen from the surface moves to deep water and nutrients released by decomposition moves to surface	19
6629031749	1x10^-pH (1 units of pH has a difference of 10 times)	How do you find the H+ concentration of a substance's pH in moles per liter?	20
6629038460	buffers	Substances that resist changes in pH	21
6629042981	the bicarbonate ion	What is the most important buffer in human blood?	22
6629050026	carbonic acid is produced??? Pg 15	What happens to the bicarbonate buffer system if there is a drop in pH?	23
6629086908	bicarbonate is produced	What happens to the bicarbonate buffer system if there is a rise in pH?	24
6629091066	isomers	Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures	25
6629096501	structural isomers	Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms	26
6629100317	Cis-trans isomers	Isomers that differ only in spatial arrangement around double bonds	27
6629104542	enantiomers	Molecules that are mirror images of each other	28
6629111058	L-	Are all the animal acids in cells L- (left handed) or D- (right handed)?	29
6629188406	carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	What are the three elements in carbohydrates?	30
6629193355	2:1	What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in all carbohydrates?	31
6629199851	dehydration synthesis or condensation	The joining of two monosaccharides that releases one molecule of water	32
6629203221	hydrolysis	The breakdown of a compound by adding water	33
6629210790	glycogen	A polysaccharide found in animals - "animal starch". It is stored in liver and skeletal muscle	34
6629213000	amylose and amylopectin	What are two forms of starch?	35
6629216990	1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids	What is the typical structure of a lipid?	36
6629219469	they are all hydrophobic	Why are all lipids grouped together?	37
6629221255	glycerol	What is this?	38
6629228796	a fatty acid	A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end	39
6629233200	saturated fats	Fatty acids that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms	40
6629237301	unsaturated fats	Fatty acids that have at least 1 double bond formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms in the carbon skeleton	41
6629248553	steroids	Lipids that consist of four fused rings	42
6629248554	testosterone, cholesterol, etc	What are some examples of steroids?	43
6629257330	to store energy	What is the main function of lipids?	44
6629258507	as a major component of the cell membrane (phospholipids)	Where are lipids used structurally?	45
6629268069	function as hormones	What is the function of several steroids?	46
6629275895	two fatty acids (hydrophobic tails) attached to the glycerol backbone and a phosphate group (hydrophilic head)	What are phospholipids composed of?	47
6629281909	the fatty acid tails	What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?	48
6629289504	growth and repair, signaling, regulation, enzymatic activity, and movement	What are the different functions of proteins in the body?	49
6629294405	CHNOPS	What are the different elements in proteins?	50
6629305797	a carboxyl group, an amine group, the R group, and a central asymmetric carbon atom	What do amino acids consist of?	51
6629319240	the R group	This side chain differs in each amino acid	52
6629322976	by chemical properties: hydrophobic, hydrophilic, acidic, or basic	How are R groups categorized?	53
6629328820	the conformation	The unique shape of a protein	54
6629335601	the primary structure	The unique linear sequence of amino acids in a protein	55
6629351299	through peptide bonds	How are amino acids linked together?	56
6629369177	secondary structure	This refers to how a polypeptide coils or folds into two distinct shapes based on the hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide molecule	57
6629383651	a beta-pleated sheet	What is this shape of secondary structure?	58
6629389335	fibrous proteins	Proteins that exhibit either alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet or both	59
6629395630	an amino acid	What is this?	60
6629374407	an alpha helix	What is this shape of secondary structure?	61
6629409942	tertiary structure	The intricate 3D shape or conformation of a protein that is superimposed on its secondary structure	62
6629427103	Hydrogen/ionic bonding between R groups, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bonds between cysteine amino acids	What intramolecular factors contribute to the tertiary structure?	63
6629429266	quaternary structure	Proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain	64
6629571438	denaturation	A phenomenon in which adverse conditgions alter the weak intramolecular forces, causing a protein to lose its characteristic shape as well as function	65
6629582822	pH, salt concentration, and temperature	What adverse conditions can denature a protein?	66
6629716250	chaperonins (chaperone proteins)	Proteins that assist in folding other proteins	67
6629716251	prions	Misfolded proteins	68
6629724069	bioinformatics	The field that studies the three-dimensional shape of proteins	69
6629729301	X-ray crystallography	The study of crystals and their structure by means of X-ray diffraction - used to reveal the 3D shape of protiens	70
6629742478	a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogen base	What does a nucleotide consist of?	71
6629751888	amino	What functional group is this?	72
6629754528	carboxyl	What functional group is this?	73
6629761629	hydroxyl	What functional group is this?	74
6629765422	phosphate	What functional group is this?	75
6629770550	functional groups	The components of organic molecules that are most often involved in chemical reactions	76
6645943606	asymmetric carbon	A carbon atom that is attached to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms	77