Biochemistry Flashcards

7813415564	carbohydrate	Provides energy	0
7813415565	pH	measures the acidity and base of a substance	1
7813415566	compound	A pure substance made of two or more elements CHEMICALLY combined.	2
7813415567	molecule	A neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds; smallest unit of a compound joined together	3
7813415568	cell	Basic unit of life	4
7813415569	calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C'; A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food	5
7813415570	energy	Ability to do work or cause change	6
7813415571	element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	7
7813415572	phosphate bond	a high-energy chemical bond that is especially important between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in an ATP molecule	8
7813415573	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.	9
7813415574	organic	Carbon-containing	10
7813415575	inorganic	Does not contain carbon; Not formed from living things or the remains of living things	11
7813415576	synthesis	Combining of small molecules or substances into larger, more complex ones; A+B=AB	12
7813415577	protein	A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.	13
7813415578	energy storage	carbohydrates and lipids	14
7813415579	structural support		15
7813415580	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	16
7813415581	biological molecule	chemical compounds that provide physical structure and bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions in a living organism	17
7813415582	active site	Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.	18
7813415583	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	19
7813415584	saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.	20
7813415585	unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.	21
7813415586	fatty acid	Building Blocks of Lipids; substances produced when fats are digested; simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells; unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids	22
7813415587	steroids	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.	23
7813415588	exothermic reaction	A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat	24
7813415589	endothermic reaction	A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat	25
7813415590	fructase	-ase suffix Most enzymes end in "-ase" suffix, but not all enzymes. Some enzymes were named prior to the adoption of this process; "ose" turns to "ase" after decomposition reactions; structural -- what gives a macromolecule its shape [chitin]	26
7813415591	"ose"	used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars	27
7813415592	chemical structure	The way atoms in a compound are bonded it represents the structure of a compound.	28
7813415593	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	29
7813415594	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	30
7813415595	polar molecule	Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end	31
7813415596	hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.	32
7813415597	biochemical	The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.	33
7813415598	macromolecule	A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules; a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.	34
7813415599	catalyst	(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	35
7813415600	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	36
7813415601	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme; reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	37
7813415602	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	38
7813415603	monomer	small chemical unit that makes up a polymer	39
7813415604	polysaccharide	A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis; Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	40
7813415605	disaccharide	A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.	41
7813415606	monosacchride	single sugar molecule	42
7813415607	fructose	A monosaccharide found predominantly in fruit and honey	43
7813415608	cellulose	A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.	44
7813415609	lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	45
7813415610	nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	46
7813415611	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	47
7813415612	nucleic acid	(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells	48
7813415613	peptide	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	49
7813415614	triglyceride	Composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol	50
7813415615	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	51
7813415616	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	52
7813415617	phospholipid	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	53
7813415618	maltose	a 12-carbon sugar that is formed by the union of two glucose units (a disaccharide)	54
7813415619	cyclic	occurring in cycles; regularly repeated	55
7813415620	chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides	56
7813415621	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	57
7813415622	sucrose	A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose; Table sugar	58
7813415623	glycogen	A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers	59
7813415624	hexoses	carbohydrates with six carbon atoms	60
7813415625	enzyme activity	the ability of an enzyme to do work and is mainly dependent on substrate concentration	61
7813415626	enzyme substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	62
7813415627	polymerization	An organic reaction in which many small units are joined together to form a long chain	63