Biochemistry Flashcards

8541523740	coagulation factors I and V	what are the coagulation factors released on platelet activation	0
8541523680	erythropoietin - kidney	what regulates RBC production - where is it released from?	1
8541523681	O2 levels	what is the most important regulator of RBC production?	2
8541523682	low O2	what level, high or low, of O2 stimulates RBC production through the action of erythropoietin	3
8541523683	low blood volume, anemia, low Hb, poor blood flow, pulmonary disease, altitude	what are some things that decrease O2 levels, thus causing increased RBC production	4
8541523684	increased RBC production	what is polycthemia	5
8541523685	too little O2 in the air	what is physiologic polycythemia	6
8541523686	mutation that doesn't stop RBC production when there is enough - therefore there are too many RBC made patients have reddened appearance of the skin	what is polycythemia vera	7
8541523687	vitamin B12, folic acid, intrinsic factor (allows B12 to cross ileum)	what vitamins are necessary for RBC production	8
8541523688	pernicious anemia -failure to absorb vitamin B12 from the GI tract	lack in intrinsic factor is called what?	9
8541523689	stimulates release of oxygen (to the left)	how does 2,3-BPG shift the Hb curve?	10
8541523690	spleen	where do RBC self-destruct?	11
8541523691	defective synthesis of membrane cytoskeletal proteins and makes the RBC susceptible to mechanical stress - cells become spherical	what is spherocytosis	12
8541523692	glucose	what does the RBC use as energy?	13
8541523693	lactate dehydrogenase	what enzyme in the RBC converts pyruvate into lactate?	14
8541523694	glycolysis	what is the only metabolic pathway in RBCs?	15
8541523695	pentose phosphate pathway	G6PD is important in what offshoot pathway in the RBC?	16
8541523696	methemoglobin	what is another name for Fe3+?	17
8541523697	caused by ROS	what causes methemoglobin?	18
8541523698	decreased O2 delivery	what is bad about methemoglobin	19
8541523699	NADH	what is used to regenerate Fe2+ from Fe3+?	20
8541523700	increases O2 delivery to tissues	what does the 2,3-BPG shunt do?	21
8541523701	decreased ATP production -RBC ion transporters are affected and this causes hemolytic anemia -can be masked by effects of 2,3BPG	what happens in pyruvate kinase deficiency?	22
8541523702	gain Ca, lose K, lose H2O	what changes in Ca, K, H2O in pyruvate kinase deficiency?	23
8541523703	cannot protect membrane proteins against oxidation	what happens in G6PD deficiency?	24
8541523704	RBC have shorter lifespan	what happens to RBC in G6PD deficiency?	25
8541523705	more resistant to malaria	what is one "benefit" of G6PD deficiency?	26
8541523706	iron	what ion is required for heme synthesis?	27
8541523707	transferrin	what protein does iron bind with to be transported throughout the body?	28
8541523708	ferritin	what is the name of the iron storage molecule in the liver?	29
8541523709	complex of ferritin molecules	what is hemosiderin	30
8541523710	microcytic and hypochromic anemia	what is the anemia in iron deficiency anemia?	31
8541523711	iron deficiency anemia		32
8541523712	bilirubin	the porphyrin part of Hb is converted into what?	33
8541523713	high - patient often presents with jaundice	in hemolytic anemia, what are the bilirubin levels like?	34
8541523714	hemolytic anemia		35
8541523715	porphyrias	what are deficiencies of any enzyme in the heme synthesis pathway called?	36
8541523716	gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase	what is the main regulatory enzyme of the heme synthesis pathway	37
8541523717	heme (decreases enzyme activity)	gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase is regulated by what molecule? what change?	38
8541523718	uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase	porphyria cutanea tarda is a deficiency in what enzyme?	39
8541523719	scarring and increased facial hair growth	porphyria cutanea tarda has what s/s	40
8541523720	gamma is swapped for beta	post-natal, what is the change in globulin chains?	41
8541523721	large excess of 1 subunit of Hb	what are the thalassemias	42
8541523722	beta chain deficiency	what is the most severe thalassemia?	43
8541523723	heterozygous	what type of thalassemia is more resistant to malaria?	44
8541523724	Glu6Val on β-globin	most common mutation causing sickle cell disease	45
8541523725	more likely to aggregate in deoxygenated state	when are HbS (sickle cell anemia) most likely to aggregate?	46
8541523726	heterozygous form	what form of sickle cell disease is more resistant to malaria?	47
8541523727	increase EPO release	how does anemia increase RBC production	48
8541523728	5 days	how long does it take to see an increase in RBC/increase in hematocrit?	49
8541523729	impaired Hb synthesis	microcytic, hypochromic anemia - cause?	50
8541523730	red cell loss	normocytic, normochromic anemia - cause?	51
8541523731	macrocytic, normochromic anemia (megaloblastic anemia)	what type of red cell morphology anemias do vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiencies cause?	52
8541523732	O - bc have no antigens (cannot be attacked by host cell)	Which blood type is aka the "universal donor" and why?	53
8541523733	AB - bc it doesn't produce Ab that attack incoming blood	Which could be called the "universal acceptor" and why?	54
8541523734	A+ or O	What type(s) of blood can someone with A+ blood receive in a transfusion?	55
8541523735	dad is Rh+ and mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+...but this happens after the moms first kid because mom created Rh factor bc of exposure to kid's Rh+	erythroblastosis fetalis happens with what combination of Rh?	56
8541523736	rhogam	what drug is used to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?	57
8541523737	Rh+ RBCs in fetus attacked by mother's antibodies	what happens in erythroblastosis fetalis?	58
8541523741	promotes vasoconstriction	what does 5-OH tryptamine (serotonin) do when released on platelet activation	59
8541523742	stimulates repair of damaged tissues	what does platelet-derived growth factor do?	60
8541523743	aspirin	what inhibits the production of thromboxin A2	61
8541523744	plavix (clopidogrel) - blocks the effects of ADP	what is one name for an ADP receptor antagonist?	62
8541523745	pleckstrin	what molecule, activated by PKC, causes aggregation and release of contents of platelet granules?	63
8541523746	stimulation of the polyphosphoinositide pathway	how are prostacyclin, collagen, TxA2, thrombin, and ADP activated (in the platelet activation pathway)?	64
8541523747	intrinsic pathway (contact factor) extrinsic factor (tissue factor)	what are the two pathways for clot formation	65
8541523748	contact factor	what factor in the intrinsic clotting pathway	66
8541523749	tissue factor	what factor in the extrinsic clotting pathway	67
8541523750	-formation of prothrombin -prothrombin to thrombin (by factor X) -conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin (by thrombin) -forms insoluble mesh -cross-linking of polymers	pathway of clot formation from prothrombin --> clot	68
8541523751	glycoproteins - synthesized in the liver circulate in the plasma	what are clotting factors (type of molecule), where are they made, and where do they go?	69
8541523752	Christmas factor	what is factor IX also called?	70
8541523753	XII, XI, IX, VII, X, and prothrombin	what factors are serine proteases and are activated in a cascade	71
8541523754	factors V, VIII, III	what factors are cofactors that bind to other factors?	72
8541523755	cross-linking of fibrin monomers	what process forms the "hard" clot?	73
8541523756	free (NOT fibrin bound) plasmin inactivates it	what does alpha-2 antiplasmin bind to? and what does it do?	74
8541523757	plasmin	what degrades the clot?	75
8541523758	tissue plasminogen activator (released from vascular endothelium)	what activates plasminogen (bound to fibrin in the clot) to create plasmin that eventually breaks down fibrin?	76
8541523759	antithrombin III (MOST IMPORTANT) alpha-1 antiprotease alpha-2 macroglobulin	what are the three molecules that inactive thrombin that is NOT localized to the clot and prevent inappropriate clotting?	77
8541523760	antithrombin III	what is the most important plasma inhibitor of thrombin (not localized to the clot)	78
8541523761	heparin	what activates antithrombin III?	79
8541523762	binds thrombin and activates protein C (makes thrombin change from a procoagulant to an anticoagulant at sites where clots shouldn't form)	what does thrombomodulin do?	80
8541523763	activates antithrombin III to prevent inappropriate clotting	what does heparan sulphate do?	81
8541523764	inhibits platelet activation	what does prostacyclin do?	82
8541523765	becomes anticoagulant after binding thrombomodulin on the cell surface	after binding thrombomodulin, what happens to thrombin?	83
8541523766	DVT	mutations in proteins C and S can cause what?	84
8541523767	protein S	what is the cofactor for protein C?	85
8541523768	V and VIII	when thrombin becomes an anticoagulant, what factors does it work on? to prevent clotting?	86
8541523769	X Linked recessive	inheritance pattern of hemophilia A	87
8541523770	deficiency of factor VIII (intrinsic pathway)	what is the deficiency in hemophilia A	88
8541523771	spontaneous bleeding into joints and soft tissues	what happens in hemophilia A	89
8541523772	replacement therapy of factor VIII	treatment of hemophilia A	90
8541523773	x linked recessive	inheritance pattern of hemophilia B	91
8541523774	deficiency of factor IX (intrinsic pathway)	what is the deficiency in hemophilia B	92
8541523775	replacement therapy	treatment of hemophilia B	93
8541523776	autosomal dominant	inheritance pattern of hemophilia C	94
8541523777	deficiency in factor XI	deficiency in what for hemophilia C	95
8541523778	autosomal dominant	von willebrand disease	96
8541523779	deficiency of von willebrand factor	deficiency in what for von willebrand disease	97
8541523780	reduced platelet recruitment and reduced delivery of factor VIII (which is stabilized by binding to vWF)	what happens in vWB disease?	98
8541523781	desmopressin to promote vWF levels and replacement therapy of vWF and VIII	treatment of vWB disease	99
8541523782	factor V	leiden mutation is a mutation in what factor?	100
8541523783	caucasian european	population commonly affected with leiden mutation	101
8541523784	factor V is resistant to inactivation by protein S/C complex which increases the risk of DVT	what does the mutation in leiden mutation cause?	102
8541523785	-maintenance of plasma pressure -binding and transport of small molecules and ions -defense against infection -blood clotting -inhibition of proteolytic enzymes	functions of plasma proteins	103
8541523786	albumin (most common), globulins (a1, a2, b, y), clotting factors	what are the classifications of plasma proteins	104
8541523787	liver	where is albumin synthesized?	105
8541523788	liver	where are alpha and beta globulins synthesized?	106
8541523789	liver	where are clotting factors synthesized?	107
8541523790	plasma cells	where are gamma globulins synthesized?	108
8541523791	albumin	what is the major protein in human plasma	109
8541523792	albumin	what is responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma	110
8541523793	decreases	the serum albumin level __________ in edema	111
8541523794	albumin	what plasma protein is important when considering drug dosing?	112
8541523795	transports retinol and thyroxine (T4) - important because retinol is small enough for excretion so this saves it from excretion another name - prealbumin	what does transthyretin transport? and what is another name for it?	113
8541523796	inhibits serum proteases and protects degeneration of alveolar tissue	alpha-1-antitrypsin does what?	114
8541523797	emphysema	deficiency of A1AT causes what?	115
8541523798	fetal liver - small amounts in adult blood	where is alpha-fetoprotein made?	116
8541523799	hepatocellular carcinoma and testicular teratoma	alpha-fetoprotein increases in what two diseases?	117
8541523800	fetal body wall defects	alpha-FP is used as a marker for what?	118
8541523801	protease inhibitor, transports Zn2+, binds cytokines	what does alpha-2-macroglobulin do?	119
8541523802	haptoglobin	what is the major component of alpha-2 globulin fraction?	120
8541523803	haptoglobin	what binds hemoglobin released during hemolysis	121
8541523804	haptoglobin	what prevents loss of free hemoglobin into the kidney and conserves iron	122
8541523805	hemolytic anemia	haptoglobin levels are depleted in what disease?	123
8541523806	binds heme and hematin and conserves iron beta 1-globulin	what does hemopexin do? and what is it?	124
8541523807	HB released from RBC Hb divides into dimers and the dimers are picked up by haptoglobin OR the dimers break down even further and they are bound to hemopexin	how do haptoglobin and hemopexin conserve iron?	125
8541523808	transports iron in plasma	what does transferrin do?	126
8541523809	total iron binding capcity	plasma transferrin concentration is measured by what?	127
8541523810	ferritin appears in plasma	when there is excess iron, what do you see?	128
8541523811	Hb and Mb	where is most iron in the body found?	129
8541523812	autosomal recessive	inheritance pattern of hemochromatosis	130
8541523813	defective HFE gene on chromosome 6	what and where is the defect in primary hemochromatosis	131
8541523814	-binds transferrin receptor and decreases its affinity for transferrin -upregulates the expression of hepcidin (a peptide that down-regulates iron release and inhibits iron absorption)	what does the HFE protein NORMALLY do?	132
8541523815	bronze diabetes or the celtic curse	other names for hemochromatosis	133
8541523816	--high blood iron levels because there is loss of regulation of absorption of iron in the small intestine --HFE gene (think High, FE (iron) levels)	what is the major problem seen in hemochromatosis - how can you remember the gene	134
8541523817	binds plasma copper	what does ceruloplasmin do?	135
8541523818	mutation in gene encoding hepatic Cu-binding ATPase so there is defective excretion of copper into the bile with accumulation of copper in liver, brain, and kindney	what is wilson's disease	136
8541523819	penicillamine	treatment of wilson's disease	137
8541523820	xlinked recessive defect in Cu binding ATP ase causes fatality in childhood	what is menkes disease	138
8541523821	wilson disease	kaiser-fleischer ring in what disease?	139
8541523822	increase in gamma globulin band	what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in chronic conditions	140
8541523823	increased alpha 1, 2, and beta 2 bands	what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in inflammation or after trauma	141
8541523824	gamma globulin band	what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in monoclonal gammopathy (like multiple myeloma)	142