Biochemistry Flashcards

7329223037	carbohydrate	"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"	0
7329223038	pH	a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.	1
7329223039	compound	A pure substance made of two or more elements CHEMICALLY combined.	2
7329223040	molecule	A neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds; smallest unit of a compound joined together	3
7329223041	cell	Basic unit of life	4
7329223042	calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C'; A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food	5
7329223043	energy	Ability to do work or cause change	6
7329223044	element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	7
7329223045	phosphate bond	a high-energy chemical bond that is especially important between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in an ATP molecule	8
7329223046	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.	9
7329223047	organic	Carbon-containing	10
7329223048	inorganic	Does not contain carbon; Not formed from living things or the remains of living things	11
7329223049	synthesis	Combining of small molecules or substances into larger, more complex ones; A+B=AB	12
7329223050	protein	A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.	13
7329223051	energy storage	carbohydrates and lipids	14
7329223052	structural support		15
7329223053	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	16
7329223054	biological molecule	chemical compounds that provide physical structure and bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions in a living organism	17
7329223055	active site	Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.	18
7329223056	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	19
7329223057	saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.	20
7329223058	unsaturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.	21
7329223059	fatty acid	Building Blocks of Lipids; substances produced when fats are digested; simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells; unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids	22
7329223060	steroids	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.	23
7329223061	exothermic reaction	A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat	24
7329223062	endothermic reaction	A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat	25
7329223063	fructase	-ase suffix Most enzymes end in "-ase" suffix, but not all enzymes. Some enzymes were named prior to the adoption of this process; "ose" turns to "ase" after decomposition reactions; structural -- what gives a macromolecule its shape [chitin]	26
7329223064	"ose"	used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars	27
7329223065	chemical structure	The way atoms in a compound are bonded it represents the structure of a compound.	28
7329223066	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	29
7329223067	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	30
7329223068	polar molecule	Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end	31
7329223069	hydrogen bond	A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.	32
7329223070	biochemical	The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.	33
7329223071	macromolecule	A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules; a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.	34
7329223072	catalyst	(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	35
7329223073	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	36
7329223074	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme; reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	37
7329223075	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	38
7329223076	monomer	small chemical unit that makes up a polymer	39
7329223077	polysaccharide	A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis; Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	40
7329223078	disaccharide	A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.	41
7329223079	monosacchride	single sugar molecule	42
7329223080	fructose	A monosaccharide found predominantly in fruit and honey	43
7329223081	cellulose	A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.	44
7329223082	lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	45
7329223083	nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	46
7329223084	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	47
7329223085	nucleic acid	(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells	48
7329223086	peptide	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	49
7329223087	triglyceride	Composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol	50
7329223088	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	51
7329223089	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	52
7329223090	phospholipid	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	53
7329223091	maltose	a 12-carbon sugar that is formed by the union of two glucose units (a disaccharide)	54
7329223092	cyclic	occurring in cycles; regularly repeated	55
7329223093	chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides	56
7329223094	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	57
7329223095	sucrose	A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose; Table sugar	58
7329223096	glycogen	A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers	59
7329223097	hexoses	carbohydrates with six carbon atoms	60
7329223098	enzyme activity	the ability of an enzyme to do work and is mainly dependent on substrate concentration	61
7329223099	enzyme substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	62
7329223100	polymerization	An organic reaction in which many small units are joined together to form a long chain	63