Biochemistry Flashcards

7687625898	Every chemical compound is __________________________	either organic or inorganic	0
7687632035	Organic compounds	~All contain Carbon and Hydrogen ~ May contain O and N ~ Occur naturally only in living organisms or in their products	1
7687661675	Inorganic Compounds	~Do not contain both Carbon and Hydrogen together ~Examples CO2, NaCl, H20	2
7687686776	Organic Compounds (Types)	Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids and Proteins	3
7687695633	Carbohydrates	~Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of energy	4
7687715739	Monosaccharides (simple sugars)	~All have the formula C6H12O6 ~All have a single ring structure ~(glucose is an example)	5
7687742863	Disaccharides (double sugars)	~all have the formula C12H22011 ~Sucrose (table sugar)is an example	6
7687762536	Polysaccharides	~Formed of three or more simple sugar units ~Glycogen-animal starch stored in liver & muscles ~Cellulose- indigestible in humans- forms cell walls ~Starches- used as energy storage	7
7688113379	Dehydration Synthesis	the process to form compounds ~combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water -ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ---> disaccharide and water - (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6----> C12H22O11+H20) ~Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water ~**(poly-means many) (Polysaccharide- many sugars joined together to form a complex carbohydrate) - Carbohydrates are the stored extra sugars known as starch	8
7688199007	How are complex carbohydrates broken down?	Hydrolysis- the process to break down compounds Addition of water to a compound to split it into smaller subunits - (also called chemical digestion)	9
7688236772	Lipids (Fats)	~Fats, oils and waxes ~Chiefly function in energy storage, protection and insulation ~Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio ~ Tend to be large molecules-- an example of a neutral lipid is below ~Neutral lipids are formed by the union of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids ~3 fatty acids + glycerol-->neutral fat (lipid) ~Fats -- found chiefly in animals ~ Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are solids ~ Lipids along with proteins are key components of cell membranes	10
7688302595	Nucleic Acids	~ in all cells ~ composed of nucleotides ~store and transmit hereditary/genetic info ~Nucleotides consist of 3 parts - 5-carbon sugar - Phosphate group - Nitrogenous base	11
7688331648	Nitrogen base		12
7688340787	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)	~ contains the genetic code of instructions that direct a cell's behavior through synthesis of proteins ~ found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles)	13
7688371965	RNA (Ribonucleic acid)	~directs cellular protein synthesis ~found in ribosomes and nucleoli	14
7688392438	Proteins	~contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; CHON ~ Composed of MANY amino acid subunits ~ It is the arrangement of the amino acid that forms the primary structure of proteins ~ The basic amino acid form has 3 parts which are Carboxyl group on one end, a methyl group that only has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino group on the other end ~Attached to the methyl group is a R group; changing group, 20 different amino acids	15
7688448653	Major Protein Functions	~Growth and Repair ~ Make up structures of our cells and body ~ Enzymes and some hormones are made up of protein	16
7688461523	Protein Synthesis		17
7688468027	Dipeptide (protein)	~formed from two amino acid subunits ~Formed by the process of Dehydration Synthesis ~Amino acid + amino acid ---> dipeptide + water	18
7688491157	Hydrolysis of a Dipeptide	~ Breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids ~ Dipeptide + H2O ---> amino acid + amino acid	19
7688501537	Polypeptide (Protein)	~Composed of three or more amino acids linked by synthesis reactions ~ Examples of proteins include insulin, hemoglobin and enzymes ~ **There are an extremely large number of different proteins ~ The bases for the differences include the number, kinds, and sequences of amino acids in the proteins	20
7688533099	Chemical Reactions	~A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals ~ Reactants- elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction ~ Products~ elements or compounds that are produced in a chemical reaction ~Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products	21
7689114465	Enzymes and Enzyme Action	~Catalyst: inorganic or organic substance which speeds up rate of a chemical reaction without entering the reaction itself ~Enzymes: organic catalysts made of protein ~most enzyme names end in -ase ~Enzymes lower the energy needed to start a chemical reaction (activation energy) ~Begin to be destroyed above 40 C (above this temp. all proteins begin to be destroyed)	22
7689203957	How do enzymes work?	~Substrate: molecules upon which an enzyme acts ~The enzyme is shaped so that it can only lock up with a specific substrate molecule enzyme Substrate------------------> product ^reactant ^chemical	23
7689265353	3 factors influencing rate of enzyme action	1. ph- the optimum (best) in most living things is close to 7 (neutral) ~ high or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity ~ A few enzymes (such as gastric protease) work best at a pH of about 2.0 2. Temperature- strongly influences enzyme activity ~ optimum temperature for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 C ~ reactions proceed slowly below optimal temperatures ~ above 45 C most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme cannot function) 3. Concentration of enzyme and substrate ~**when there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off	24
7689431770	4 classes of macromolecules	polysaccharides or carbohydrates, triglycerides or lipids, polypeptides or proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA	25
7689727215	Amino Acids		26