Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 6141943044 | Collagen | Strength and Flexibility; trihelical fiber with glycine residues; majority of extracellular matrix connective tissue. | 0 | |
| 6141943045 | Elastin | Stretches and recoils to restore shape; component of extracellular matrix connective tissue. | 1 | |
| 6141943046 | Kinesins and Dyneins | Cell transport, chromosome alignment, cilia, and flagella; associated with microtubules. | 2 | |
| 6141943047 | Cadherins | Mediate calcium dependent cell to cell adhesion; glycoproteins. | 3 | |
| 6141943048 | Integrins | Binding and communicating with extracellular matrix; consists of 2 membrane-spanning chains. | 4 | |
| 6141943049 | Selectins | Binds to carbohydrate molecules that project from other cell surfaces; weakest bond formed by CAMS. | 5 | |
| 6141943050 | Immunoglobulins (antibodies) | Produced by B-cells; neutralize targets. | 6 | |
| 6141943051 | Opsonization | Marking a pathogen for destruction. | 7 | |
| 6141943052 | Gs proteins | Stimulates adenylate cyclase -> Increases cAMP | 8 | |
| 6141943053 | Gi proteins | Inhibits adenylate cyclase -> decrease cAMP | 9 | |
| 6141943054 | Gq proteins | Activates phospholipase C -> PIP2 -> IP3 -> opens calcium channels in the ER; increases calcium levels in cells. | 10 | |
| 6141943055 | Edman degradation | Sequence proteins by cleaving N-terminus. | 11 | |
| 6141943056 | SDS-PAGE | Protein separation based on mass; neutralizes protein's charge; protein is denatured. | 12 | |
| 6141943057 | Heterochromatin | Tightly packed during S phase; dark under light microscopy; transcriptionally silent. | 13 | |
| 6141943058 | Euchromatin | Loosely packed during S phase; light under light microscopy; transcriptionally active. | 14 | |
| 6141943059 | Proofreading | Incorrect bases are excised from dsDNA during DNA replication. | 15 | |
| 6141943060 | Mismatch repair | DNA polymerase detects and removes errors that were missed during S phase. | 16 | |
| 6141943061 | Nucleotide Excision Repair | Excision endonuclease; removes section of DNA; DNA polymerase/ligase repair strand (G1, G2) | 17 | |
| 6141943062 | Base Excision Repair | AP endonuclease; removes mutated base; generates AP site; DNA polymerase/ligase repair strand (G1, G2) | 18 | |
| 6141943063 | Apoenzyme | Enzyme lacks cofactor. | 19 | |
| 6141943064 | Holoenzyme | Enzyme contains cofactor. | 20 | |
| 6141943065 | Water-soluble vitamins | Vitamins B and C; need to be replenished. | 21 | |
| 6141943066 | Fat-soluble vitamins | Vitamins A, D, E, K | 22 | |
| 6141943067 | Oxidoreductases | Catalyze redox reactions; includes dehydrogenase, reductase, and oxidase. | 23 | |
| 6141943068 | Transferases | Catalyze movement of functional groups; includes kinases. | 24 | |
| 6141943069 | Hydrolases | Catalyze hydrolysis reactions; named after substrate; includes nucleases. | 25 | |
| 6141943070 | Lyases | Catalyze cleavage of molecule into two products without water or redox; synthases catalyze the reverse reaction; catabolic vs. anabolic. | 26 | |
| 6141943071 | Isomerases | Catalyze bond rearrangement within a molecule. | 27 | |
| 6141943072 | Ligases | Catalyze synthesis reactions between large molecules; requires ATP. | 28 | |
| 6141943073 | Mutases | Transfers functional group from one molecule to another. | 29 | |
| 6141943074 | Competitive inhibition | Occupies active site; Vmax unchanged; Km increases; must increase substrate concentration in order to reach 1/2 Vmax. | 30 | |
| 6141943075 | Noncompetitive Inhibition | Occupies allosteric site on E + ES complex; decreases Vmax; Km unchanged; Enzyme retains substrate affinity but can't achieve Vmax. | 31 | |
| 6141943076 | Uncompetitive Inhibition | Occupies ES complex; decreases Vmax; decreases Km; increased substrate affinity; ES complex inhibition decreases product formation. | 32 | |
| 6141943077 | Michaelis-Menten equation |  | 33 | |
| 6141943078 | Catalytic efficiency |  | 34 | |
| 6141943079 | Turnover number |  | 35 | |
| 6141943080 | Sphingolipids | Lipids with a sphingosine backbone: ceramide, sphingomyelins, glycosphingolipids, gangliosides |  | 36 |
| 6141943081 | Ceramide | Hydrogen head group; sphingolipid | 37 | |
| 6141943082 | Sphingomyelins | Phosphocholine / Phosphoethanolamine head group; sphingolipid | 38 | |
| 6141943083 | Glycosphingolipids | Sugar head groups; cerebroside (single); globosides (multiple) | 39 | |
| 6141943084 | Gangliosides | Oligosaccharide head group; terminal sialic acid (NANA); glycolipid | 40 | |
| 6141943085 | Prostaglandins | Smooth muscle regulation; body temperature regulation; 20-carbon; physiologically active lipid compound. | 41 | |
| 6141943086 | Vitamin A | Vision; Growth; Development; Immune Function; Carotene. | 42 | |
| 6141943087 | Vitamin D | Bone Growth; Cholecalciferol; converted to calcitrol in liver; cholesterol is precursor | 43 | |
| 6141943088 | Vitamin E | Antioxidant; Tocopherols; Tocotrienols | 44 | |
| 6141943089 | Vitamin K | Blood clotting factors; prothrombin; Phylloquinone =K1; menaquinones=K2 | 45 | |
| 6141943090 | Surfactants | Serves as emulsifier; lowers surface tension of liquids | 46 | |
| 6141943091 | Cholesterol | Membrane fluidity; precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and Vitamin D. | 47 | |
| 6141943092 | Missense mutation | A mutation where one amino acid substitutes for another. | 48 | |
| 6141943093 | Nonsense mutation | A mutation where the codon now encodes for a premature stop codon. | 49 | |
| 6141943094 | Frameshift mutation | A mutation in which some number of nucleotides is inserted or deleted from the mRNA sequence, resulting in a shift in the reading frame. | 50 | |
| 6141943095 | Silent mutation | A mutation that has no effect on the expression of amino acids. | 51 | |
| 6141943096 | RNA Polymerase I | Synthesizes rRNA; located in nucleolus | 52 | |
| 6141943097 | RNA Polymerase II | Synthesizes hnRNA and some snRNA; located in nucleus | 53 | |
| 6141943098 | RNA Polymerase III | Synthesizes tRna and some rRNA; located in nucleus. | 54 | |
| 6141943099 | Gap junctions | Permit movement of solutes; direct cell to cell communication; cell adhesion molecule | 55 | |
| 6141943100 | Tight junctions | Prevents movement of solutes; cell adhesion molecule | 56 | |
| 6141943101 | Desmosomes | Binds adjacent cells; anchors cytoskeleton; cell adhesion molecule | 57 | |
| 6141943102 | Pinocytosis | Endocytosis of fluids and dissolved particles. | 58 | |
| 6141943103 | Phagocytosis | Endocytosis of large solids such as bacteria. | 59 | |
| 6141943104 | Hill coefficient | Measures the degree of cooperativity. Greater than 1 means positively cooperativity. | 60 | |
| 6141943105 | F1 | Catalytic subunit of ATP synthase | 61 | |
| 6141943106 | F0 | Transmembrane subunit of ATP synthase that mediates proton transport. | 62 | |
| 6141943107 | Reducing sugar | Not all anomeric carbons are involved in glycosidic bonding; sugar can be oxidized | 63 | |
| 6141943108 | Nonreducing sugar | All anomeric carbons are involved in glycosidic bonding; sugars cannot be oxidized | 64 | |
| 6141943109 | Ternary complex | Enzyme bound to two substrates | 65 | |
| 6141943110 | Dissociation constant | Propensity of an object to dissociate reversibly into smaller objects. | 66 | |
| 6141943111 | Specific activity | enzyme activity/total mass of protein | 67 | |
| 6141943112 | Enzyme activity | Product concentration/time. A measure of the ability of an enzyme to catalyze a specific reaction. | 68 | |
| 6141943113 | Cation exchange chromatography | Type of adsorption chromatography based on ionic interactions between a negatively-charged stationary phase and positively-charged protein. | 69 | |
| 6141943114 | Anion exchange chromatography | Type of adsorption chromatography based on ionic interactions between a positively-charged stationary phase and negatively-charged protein. | 70 | |
| 6141943115 | # of peptides of amino acid length n | n! | 71 |