Biochemistry Flashcards

7156204805	Biochemistry	The study of chemistry of living things	0
7156206040	Macromolecules (large molecules)	polymers of smaller molecules	1
7156209539	4 major macromolecules groups in Biochemistry	Lipids, Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA), Proteins (amino acids), Carbohydrates (Glycans)	2
7156210151	Lipid	Water insoluble compound usually composed of a long hydrocarbon chain attached to an ester or phosphate group	3
7156211580	Lipids include:	Fats (animals), Oils( Plants), Phospholipids	4
7156212448	Fatty acid	Carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, can be unsaturated or saturated	5
7156213295	Fats	In triglycerides obtained from animals, the fatty acids are mostly saturated and have few double bonds	6
7156215573	A semisolid lipid-triglyceride obtained from an animal source is a	fat	7
7156217446	A liquid lipid obtained from a plant source is a	oil	8
7156230279	Soap	soup molecules hae a polar head and a long non polar tail	9
7156230697	Soap molecules are able to dissolve	oil with the tail and the heads stick into water	10
7156231192	Phospholipids	glyceride found in living cells and membranes	11
7156234035	Function of lipids	Important component of cell membranes, energy storage and raw material to make other molecules	12
7156241790	Nucleic Acids	Biochemical compounds found in every living cell	13
7156241982	Nucleic acids contain	genetic information responsible for the reproduction of a species	14
7156242896	Nucleotide	nucleic acid polymer composed of many repeating units known as	15
7156243385	Deoxyribonucleic Acid	DNA	16
7156243678	Ribonucleic Acid	RNA	17
7156253906	Nucleic acids are linear	macromolecules made of nucleotides	18
7156254838	A nucleotide contains	a sugar molecule attached to an organic nitrogen- containing molecule and a phosphate group	19
7156255293	Phosphate linkages	attach units in a linearly	20
7156257776	Nucleotides consist of three similar component molecules:	five carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base, molecule of phosphoric acid	21
7156259224	DNA has	an H	22
7156259225	RNA has	an OH	23
7156262662	DNA contains	4 bases, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine	24
7156263394	RNA contains	Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil	25
7156264317	In DNA, an adenine on one strand	ALWAYS hydrogen bonds with a thymine on the other	26
7156264585	Cytosine ALWAYS	hydrogen bonds with guanine on the other strand	27
7156265315	Dr Franklin in 1952	Discovered the X shape	28
7156265317	The double helix	discovered in 1953	29
7156265922	Polymerase chain reaction	PCR by Dr Mullis	30
7156265923	Proteins	naturally occurring macromolecules composed of amino acids	31
7156266399	An amino acid has both	an amine and a carboxylic acid functional group	32
7156266986	Amino acids are linked together in sequence by amide bonds	Known as peptide linkages	33
7156267282	An amino acid	has a amine (NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) attached to a carbon atom with a side chain (r) attached to the alpha carbon	34
7156275697	Polypeptides	in proteins, amino acids are linked together with peptide linkages or a peptide bond	35
7156276290	In a dipeptide	two amino acid units are joined together by an amide bond	36
7156278632	In a polypeptide	100s of amino acids are linked together	37
7156279115	Human insulin is composed of	48 amino acids	38
7156281640	Primary structure of protein	sequence of amino acids, the replacement of one amino acid can alter its biological activity	39
7156285118	Secondary structure of proteins	when the peptide chain twists and bends, they acquire a secondary structure	40
7156287543	a-helix (secondary structure)	analogous to that in a coiled telephone	41
7156289014	pleated sheet (b-sheets)	the chains run antiparallel to each other like a folded piece of paper	42
7156293188	Secondary structures in proteins	result of hydrogen bonds	43
7156294076	Tertiary structure of protein	overall three-dimensional structure of a protein	44
7156296609	the tertiary structure may be	long and extended or compact and folded	45
7156304285	Enzyme	protein that acts as a biological catalyst	46
7156305392	Enzymes are incredibly selective	for specific molecules	47
7156311242	an enzyme can	speed up a biochemical reaction so that the rate is a million times faster than it would be in the absence of the enzyme	48
7156319090	Many reactions	would be too slow to with out the enzyme to sustain life	49
7156319232	Lock-and-key model	describes enzyme mechanisms	50
7156319553	The key is the enzyme	The lock is the substrate	51
7156324968	Active site	the location where the reaction occurs on the enzyme	52
7156325215	substrate	molecule that reacts	53
7156326380	The substrate binds to the active site on the enzyme	The enzyme releases two or more products	54
7156326824	Once the reaction has occurred	the active site is free to bind to another substrate molecule and repeat	55
7156327238	Ptyalin is in human saliva and	catalyzes the breaking down of starch molecules into sugar units	56
7156328395	Carbohydrates	the word carbohydrate means hydrates of carbon and many are CH2O	57
7156330063	Carbohydrates usually end in	ose	58
7156330064	Carbohydrates typically have	an aldehyde or ketone functional group of several hydroxyl groups	59
7156330570	Carbohydrate	either a simple sugar or complex structures composed of many simple sugars	60
7156331858	Disaccharide	Two monosaccharide molecules joined together	61
7156332419	In the formation of a disaccharide, two simple sugars split and are joined together by a special -O- bond	glycoside linkage	62
7156333469	In a aqueous solution,	sugar molecules usually exist in ring structures	63
7156333978	Glucose forms a	cyclic structure by joining a hydroxyl group to an aldehyde group (5 carbon, 1 O)	64
7156334474	Polysaccharide	polymer of many monosaccharide linkages joined by glucose linkages	65
7156335790	3 different types of lipids	Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Steroids	66
7156336284	Fatty acids	Long-chain carboxylic acids, typically containing 12-18 carbon atoms, typically insoluble in water	67
7156336842	Waxes	are found in many plants and animals, esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols	68
7156337359	Steroid compounds	have steroid nucleus, have four carbon rings fused together, lipids but do not contain fatty acids	69
7156338241	Cholesterol	most important and abundant steroid compound in your body.	70
7156338978	Steroid: Cholesterol	is a sterol because it contains a hydroxyl (-OH) group. has a methyl group, a double bond and a carbon side chain	71
7156339742	Cholesterol is obtained from	eating meats, milk, and eggs, its also synthesized in the liver from fats, carbs and proteins NOT found in vegetables or plants	72
7156341578	Protein structure consists of	Primary structure, secondary structure, helix, beta sheet, tertiary structure	73
7156342493	Quaternary Structure:Hemoglobin	Quaternary structure of hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits	74
7156343906	A protein	composed of amino acids	75
7156343907	A carbohydrate	composed of simple sugar molecules	76
7156344309	A lipid	water-insoluble biological molecule	77
7156344667	A nucleic acid	polymer composed of a sugar molecule a nitrogen base and a phosphoric acid	78