Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 5258316536 | Ribose | C5H10O5. Pentose | 0 | |
| 5258319750 | Glucose | C6H12O6. Hexose | 1 | |
| 5258322847 | Maltose | C12H22O11. Disaccharide | 2 | |
| 5258330429 | Similarities between all carbohydrates | 1. Al make up C,H and O 2. Names end in "OSE" 3. All carbs are in ration of approximately 1:2:1 C:H:O | 3 | |
| 5258342033 | Monosaccharides | Basic unit of sugar. 1. Low in molecular weight 2. Most have the molecular formula of C6H12O6 3. Ex: Glucose/fructose/galactose-all C6H12O6 4. Contain large amount of energy 5. Sweet and soluble-small enough to easily pass through the cell membrane | 4 | |
| 5258356534 | Isomers | Have the same molecular formula but have different structural formulas/different physical properties | 5 | |
| 5258372426 | Disaccharides | Double sugars. 1. C6H12O6+C6H12O6-->C12H22O11+H2O Glucose+glucose-->maltose+water ------------------------------------------------------------------ Dehydration synthesis | 6 | |
| 5258432845 | Dehydration synthesis | Removing a water to form a more complex molecule | 7 | |
| 5258435542 | Polysaccharides | 1. High molecular weight 2. Made of long repeating chains of small sugar units (monosaccharides) 3. Polymers 4. Organisms store excess sugar in the form of polysaccharides | 8 | |
| 5258448237 | Starch | Excess sugar stored in plants (found in seeds, roots, and stems) | 9 | |
| 5258456322 | Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble? | Insoluble because they are too big to fit in the cell membrane | 10 | |
| 5258460538 | Glycogen | Animal's excess sugar is stored in the form of glycogen which is stored in the liver. | 11 | |
| 5258466934 | Cellulose | Major component of cell wall. Most abundant carbohydrate | 12 | |
| 5258471434 | Chitin | Makes up the exoskeleton of insects | 13 | |
| 5258494255 | Organic compounds in a carbohydrate contain... | Carbon and hydrogen. It may also contain N,S,P and other traces of elements. | 14 | |
| 5258509768 | What does carbon have in it's outer shell? | Carbon 4e- in its outer shell which allows 4 covalent bonds to occur | 15 | |
| 5258534245 | Bonds can be... | Single: C-C Double: C=C Triple: C (three lines) C | 16 | |
| 5258552839 | Arrangements of organic compounds in a carbohydrate... | Vary in size and structure Ex: H2O/CO2/C6H12O6/C12H22O1 not organic, not organic, organic, organic | 17 | |
| 5258592248 | 4 types of organic compounds | Carbohydrates-C,H,O Lipids(fats)-C,H,O Proteins-C,H,O,N Nucleic Acids- DNA,RNA- C,H,O,N,P | 18 | |
| 5258611073 | Hydrolysis | Water splitting. Adds water to the place it was once removed. Water breaks the bond and splits the are molecules into its smaller units. C12H22O11+H2O-->C6H12O6+C6H12O6 | 19 | |
| 5258629994 | To test the presence of sugars: | Benedict's solution tests for the simple sugars by turning from blue--> brick red in heat | 20 | |
| 5258638342 | To test STARCH | Lugol's iodine will turn from amber to blue/black | 21 | |
| 5258912938 | Lipid types | Fats (solid at room temperature), Oils (liquid at room temperature), Waxes, Phospholipids | 22 | |
| 5258938346 | Organic compounds in lipids. | Composed of C,H and O where the ratio of H:O is greater than 2:1 | 23 | |
| 5258957507 | Are oils soluble or insoluble in water? | Insoluble | 24 | |
| 5259001019 | Consistency of oils | Greasy consistency | 25 | |
| 5259010695 | Oils are sources of... | Stored energy and make up a component of the cell membrane. | 26 | |
| 5259017723 | Where are oils stored in? | Adipose tissue. Provides insolation, provides cushioning, part of cholesterol, lines internal organs. | 27 | |
| 5259062766 | Structure of a lipid. | Ex: C57H100O6 (triglyceride) Ratio of H:O is greater than 2:1, however they are considered small molecules and are not polymers | 28 | |
| 5259081359 | *What are lipids made of? | 1 glycerol+3 fatty acides=1 lipid + 3H2O | 29 | |
| 5261916635 | Carboxyl group |  | 30 | |
| 5261941139 | 1 lipid plus 3 waters makes... | A protein | 31 | |
| 5261965047 | Dehydration synthesis of a fat | 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids---> 1 fat + 3 waters | 32 | |
| 5261977561 | Components that make up a fat formula | 3 waters + 1 fat ---> 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol | 33 | |
| 5262003252 | Saturated fats | 1. Solid at rm temp Ex: butter/lard/bacon grease *2. ALL carbon bonds are single Ex: C5H10O2 | 34 | |
| 5262013965 | Unsaturated fats | One or more C-C bonds are double or triple bonded | 35 | |
| 5262028207 | Characteristics of unsaturated fats | Solid at rm temperature, oils. | 36 | |
| 5262030089 | Characteristics of saturated fats | Clog arteries, cause strokes, atherosclerosis | 37 | |
| 5262036803 | All fats are... | Hydrophobic | 38 | |
| 5262058708 | Monounsaturated fatty acid | Ratio of H-O greater than 2:1 |  | 39 |
| 5262067205 | Polyunsaturated fatty acid |  | 40 | |
| 5262070973 | Lipids are important because | It is a component of the cell membrane. They line major organs. Provide cushioning. Source of stored energy. | 41 | |
| 5262082720 | Proteins are composed of... | CHO and N | 42 | |
| 5262092315 | *Are proteins large or small molecules? | They are extremely large molecules. Ex: hemoglobin | 43 | |
| 5262100325 | *Are proteins shape specific? | YES | 44 | |
| 5262103872 | Proteins form the basic structures of: | Membranes, collagen, blood plasma and ENZYMES, hair/nails, hormones, connective tissue, pigments, antibodies, muscle cells | 45 | |
| 5262117690 | Building blocks of proteins... | 1. Amino acids 2. 20 amino acids found in nature 3. Structure is determined by arrangement of their amino acids (according to DNA) Ex: Glycine | 46 | |
| 5262130383 | Amine acid |  | 47 | |
| 5262134915 | Dipeptide |  | 48 | |
| 5262140694 | How do proteins form? | Dehydration synthesis | 49 | |
| 5262142011 | Peptide bond |  | 50 | |
| 5262148492 | Polypeptide chain | 3 or more amino acids put together by dehydration synthesis forms a polypeptide chain | 51 | |
| 5262159434 | *What action does heat have on protein? | Proteins get DENATURED in heat. This means the bonds get broken and the STRUCTURE of the protein becomes DISTORTED. Proteins also become denatured with changes in pH | 52 | |
| 5262174496 | To test for the presence of protein | BIURET solution turns from light blue to lavender when a protein is present | 53 | |
| 5262184302 | Enzymes | All enzymes are proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes. | 54 | |
| 5262190163 | Catalyst | Enzyme. All chemical reactions are accompanied by a specific enzyme-specific for that reason | 55 | |
| 5262200819 | *Function of a catalyst | Regulate the rates of reactions | 56 | |
| 5262204175 | What are enzymes larger than? | The substrate they work on/accompany | 57 | |
| 5262208793 | Induced fit |  | 58 | |
| 5262211515 | Active site | Creates a temporary association between the substrate and enzyme. |  | 59 |
| 5262219114 | Do enzymes get used up? | No, they are free to perform over and over again. | 60 | |
| 5262224188 | Enzymes are... | 1. Catalysts 2. Proteins 3. Names end in "ASE" (protease, lipase, maltase) *4. Unaffected by chemical reactions 5. SPECIFIC 6. Reusable | 61 | |
| 5262241195 | Coenzyme | Side group of atoms attached to an enzyme *Non-protein *Vitamins | 62 | |
| 5262251830 | As temperature increases in an enzyme... | The rate of enzyme action increases; HOWEVER, if the temp is too high, denaturation will occur. The enzyme becomes deactivated | 63 | |
| 5262268143 | Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) | Organic compounds composed of CHON and P. Double stranded helical shaped molecule made of thousands of nucleotides. Polymer. | 64 | |
| 5262270553 | Basic subunit of nucleic acids... | Nucleotide | 65 | |
| 5262275784 | Nucleotide is made up of 3 parts | 1. 5-carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base | 66 | |
| 5262288688 | Who found DNA? | Watson and Crick | 67 | |
| 5262296558 | *The 2 strands of DNA are held together by | WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS that hold the nitrogenous bases (N-bases) together. These must be weak so they can open up to reveal our genetic code. | 68 | |
| 5262312464 | DNA has its own language within | N-bases | 69 | |
| 5262316234 | A-T | Adenine-Thymine | 70 | |
| 5262320232 | C-G | Cytosine-Guanine | 71 | |
| 5262327461 | *How does DNA control cellular activities? | DNA codes for all proteins in an organism | 72 | |
| 5262330100 | DNA replication | Genetic information is passed to chromosomes succeeding (new) cells | 73 | |
| 5262337485 | What does DNA carry? | DNA carries the code for assembling enzymes and proteins that function in cellular metabolism | 74 | |
| 5262344886 | Is DNA mobile? | DNA doesn't leave the nucleus-not mobile | 75 | |
| 5262351902 | *mRNA | DNA transfers it's genetic code to a MOBILE MOLECULE called mRNA | 76 | |
| 5262357125 | RNA | Single stranded molecule made up of nucleotides. The sugar is ribose (5c) | 77 | |
| 5262367423 | Instead of the N'base "T", RNA has... | "U" uracil which is complementary to the N-base "A" adenine | 78 | |
| 5262372196 | A-U | Adenine to Uracil | 79 | |
| 5262377471 | Three types of RNA | 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) All of these function in protein synthesis | 80 | |
| 5262389365 | How is RNA formed? | A molecule of DNA "unzips" to reveal 2 strands of N-bases in a SPECIFIC ORDER. This acts as a template for producing a complementary strand of RNA. | 81 | |
| 5262405345 | The process of transferring genetic code from DNA-RNA is | Transcription (in the nucleus) | 82 | |
| 5262412622 | How does RNA form a polypeptide chain? | RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm with the code to start the formation of a polypeptide chain. This molecule in RNA. | 83 | |
| 5262419493 | A-U C-G | RNA | 84 | |
| 5271032529 | What does the new mRNA molecule do? | It moves into the cytoplasm. At ribosomes (either free or on the rough ER), the formation of polypeptides begin. | 85 | |
| 5271043642 | What is a codon? | Codon is a triplet of N-nases that code for a specific amino acid on a mRNA strand. ex: UUU is the codon for amino acid phenylalanine G. | 86 | |
| 5271065344 | What does a tRNA molecule bring to place at the ribosome? | A tRNA molecule brings the amino acid into place at the ribosome. | 87 | |
| 5282069659 | What does tRNA transfer? | tRNA transfers an amino acid complementary to it's anticodon to the mRNA codon | 88 |