Biochemistry Flashcards

6226708027	Gherlin	Hormone responsible for hunger	0
6226712640	Leptin	Secreted by adipose tissue, increasing sensitivity to satiety signals	1
6226719281	Insulin	Secreted by pacreatic tissue, increasing sensitivity to satiety signals	2
6226725902	Cholecystokinin	Short-term satiety signal, ensuring that we eat a meal quickly	3
6226728153	Amount of leptin	Depends on the amount of subcutaneous body fat	4
6226729534	More insulin release	Takes place if more visceral fat present	5
6226733694	Neuropeptide Y	A neuropeptide that is released both in the gut and by neurons, particularly those in the arcuate nucleus; its release is associated with hunger	6
6226735705	Pro-opiomelanocortin	Makes people less hungry	7
6226739925	Sweet	Innately preferred taste from carbohydrate detection	8
6226741195	Salt	Variably preferred taste from sodium detection	9
6226741855	Umami	Palatability-enhanced taste from amino acid detection	10
6226743001	Sourness	Innately aversive taste from acid detection	11
6226744146	Bitterness	Innately aversive taste from toxic compound detection	12
6226745800	Fat	Affects texture, enhances palatability and sensation of sweetness	13
6228285708	Brain	Normally uses glucose as metabolic fuel (during starvation can use ketone bodies too)	14
6228287169	Skeletal muscle	When glucose is plentiful, stores glycogen for own use	15
6228289392	Liver	When glucose is plentiful, makes glycogen and fat. Releases fuel during fasting and exercise	16
6228291443	Adipose tissue	When fat is plentiful, stores fat. Releases fat during fasting and exercise	17
6228483296	Adenosine triphosphate	Temporary store of energy, used by numerous enzymes to drive unfavourable processes	18
6228484904	Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide	Enzyme bound hydrogen acceptor, commonly bound to enzymes that catalyse redox reactions	19
6228489704	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide	Soluble hydrogen acceptor, a common substrate in catabolic redox reactions	20
6228492800	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate	Soluble hydrogen acceptor, a common substrate in biosynthetic redox reactions	21
6228494538	Coenzyme A	Forms a thirster with fatty acids. Prevents fatty acids from harming cell, but also enhances reactivity in fatty acid metabolism	22
6228554082	Glycaemic index	Measure of the effect on blood glucose of ingestion of standard amount of carbohydrate, compared with the same amount of glucose	23
6228563733	Unprocessed food	Has a low glycemic index	24
6228564469	Processed food	Has a high glycemic index	25
6228569732	Decrease in C-reactive protein	Effect of low glycemic index	26
6228571209	Decrease in glycation of proteins	Effect of low glycemic index	27
6228572853	Reduced LDL and higher HDL	Effect of low glycemic index	28
6228574402	Decreased food intake in subsequent meal	Effect of low glycemic index	29
6228666961	Hyperinsulinaemia	Insulin resistance	30
6228679943	Hexokinase	Converts glucose to glucose 6-P, using 1 ATP. Inhibited by accumulation of glucose 6-P	31
6228682582	Phosphofructokinase	Converts fructose 6-P to fructose 1,6-bisP, using 1 ATP.	32
6228687638	Glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase	Converts Glyceraldehyde 3-P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, using 1 NAD	33
6228691852	Pyruvate kinase	Converts phosphoenolpyruvate, making 1 ATP	34
6245118136	Complex I especially, plus other parts of ETC	Significant source of ROS	35
6245126508	Oxidative stress	When production of ROS exceeds removal	36
6245179888	Non-shivering thermogenesis	An increase in heat production that is not due to skeletal muscle contraction	37
6245186971	Thermogenin	Proton channel highly expressed in brown adipose tissue	38
6245247940	Mitochondrial diseases	Heterogenous group of disorders that affect oxidative phosphorylation	39
6245255776	Mitochondrial diseases	Caused by mutations in ETC, transport of ATP, synthesis of ubiquinone, PDH, mitochondrial translation	40
6245286401	Heteroplasmy	Present in mitochondrial diseases	41
6245290700	Maternal inheritance only	Present in mitochondrial diseases	42
6245294572	MELAS syndrome	Example of mitochondrial disease	43
6277263762	NADPH from glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway	Reducing power for biosynthetic reactions	44
6277267831	Ribulose 5-phosphate from the pentose phosphate pathway	Used for DNA, RNA and coenzyme synthesis	45
6277276805	NADPH from glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway	Prevents attack of catalase by hydrogen peroxide, thus preventing oxidative stress	46
6277299691	Glycogenolysis	Takes place in the liver, primarily during fasting and for long-term exercise	47
6277350101	Gluconeogenesis	Takes place in long-term fasting state, and declines very slowly in fed state. Also used in amino acid catabolism	48
6277543324	Lack of glucose-6-phosphate- severe disease	Trapped G6P feeds into glycogenesis and fat synthesis and glycolysis leading to hyperlactacidaemia, liver becomes enlarged	49
6277551900	Muscle phosphorylase deficiency- range of severity	Cannot metabolise muscle glycogen, resulting in muscle weakness and poor tolerance of exercise.	50
6277563419	Regular moderate exercise with short warm-up	Improves exercise capacity for those with muscle phosphorylase deficiency	51
6277567572	Liver phosphorylase deficiency	Cannot mobilise liver glycogen, liver becomes enlarged, mild hypoglycaemia	52
6277590350	Pancreatic lipase	Hydrolyses first and last bonds between fatty acid and glycerol in triacylglycerol	53
6277599509	Gastric lipase	Hydrolyses the last bond between fatty acid and glycerol in triacylglycerol	54
6277721615	Diffusion	How the micelles formed enter enterocytes	55
6277730818	Recombination into triacylglycerol	Attachment to coenzyme A and reaction with diacylglycerol acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase	56
6277777006	Chylomicron	Made in enterocyte, too big to enter capillaries	57
6277785602	Thoracic duct	Path which chylomicrons use to enter the blood	58
6277812933	Lipoprotein lipase	Causes release of fatty acids from lipoproteins for tissues to take in	59
6277820588	CPT I	Causes formation of fatty-acid carnitine from fatty acid CoA which can then the mitochondria	60
6277944114	Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase	Converts fatty acyl CoA to Enoyl CoA, making FADH2	61
6277972492	Enoyl CoA hydratase	Converts enoyl CoA to Hydroxy-acyl CoA	62
6277977645	Hydroxy-acyl CoA dehydrogenase	Converts hydroxy-acyl CoA to keto-acyl CoA, making NADH	63
6277980118	Thiolase	Cleaves keto-acyl CoA to Fatty acyl CoA and another product (process called thiolysis)	64
6278063356	MCAD deficiency	Beta-oxidation defect, detected by accumulation of medium-chain-acyl-carnitines in the plasma and urine	65
6278091263	Following a low-fat diet and carnitine supplements	Treatment for MCAD deficiency	66
6278132727	Brain development, subcutaneous fat and lung surfactant	Fatty acid functions in fetuses	67
6278203193	Pyruvate dehydrogenase	Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA	68
6278242462	Malonyl CoA decarboxylase	Converts acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA	69
6278247450	Malonyl CoA	Inhibits CPT I, thus controlling fatty acid oxidation	70
6278255095	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Where modifications of fatty acids occur	71
6278264310	Modifying the saturation by adding or removing double bonds	Modification type of fatty acids	72
6278312771	Altering the length	Modification type of fatty acids	73
6278341594	Perilipin	Prevents hormone-sensitive lipase from acting when in fed state	74
6278348539	Phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase	Takes place during fasting or exercise, allowing the hormone to act	75
6278357189	GLUT 5 receptor	Transports fructose, absent in pancreas	76
6278363971	Fructose	Interacts with weight homeostasis mechanisms differently, allowing higher calorie intake before appetite is suppressed	77
6278372074	Increased circulating TAG	Associated with high fructose meals	78
6278378521	Decrease in plasma leptin and insulin concentration	Associated with high fructose meals	79
6278379930	No suppression of ghrelin	Associated with high fructose meals	80
6285269347	Beta-oxidation of fatty acids	Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle	81
6285274119	Ketogenic amino acids	Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle	82
6285275910	Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate	Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle	83
6285343113	Citrate synthase	Converts oxaloactetate to citrate, affected by ADP:ATP ratio, NADH levels, product and substrate concentrations	84
6285358093	Isocitrate dehydrogenase	Oxidative decarboxylase, affected by ADP:ATP and NAD:NADH ratios, and increased activity during exercise	85
6285369648	Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase	Oxidative carboxylase, affected by NAD:NADH ratio, product inhibition and Ca2+ in muscle activates it. Forms succinyl CoA	86
6285378760	Succinate dehydrogenase	AKA Complex II that accepts electrons from succinate, and passes onto coenzyme Q in ETC	87
6285388110	Pyruvate-oxaloacetate	Anaplerotic reaction, useful when pyruvate is building up as acetyl CoA not metabolised quick enough	88
6285397958	Aspartate aminotransferase and glutamic dehydrogenase	Enzymes used in anaplerotic reactions, when using amino acids as a fuel and when converting amino acid carbon skeletons into glucose	89
6313775193	At the beginning or just after branch points	Where regulatory enzymes are commonly found in a pathway	90
6313822969	Hydroxyl of serine, threonine and tyrosine residues	Where phosphorylation is most common	91
6313831511	Allosteric activators	Stabilise the relaxed state	92
6313833241	Allosteric inhibitors	Stabilise the tense state	93
6313835759	T state	Tense, does not bind substrate well	94
6313839003	R state	Relaxed, binds to substrate easily, a more effect catalyst	95
6313847947	Oligomers	Many allosteric proteins are these, where the R state is stabilised	96
6313861034	Conserved metabolites	Metabolites may be altered in one process and regenerated in another, making total concentration unaltered	97
6313919058	Nausea, lethargy, coma and then death	If ammonia concentration exceeds 50micromolar	98
6313926112	Depletion of alpha-KG, or accumulation of Glu/Gln neurotransmitters	Mechanism by which ammonia is damaging	99
6313947073	Glutaminase	Converts glutamine to ammonia	100
6313950705	Amino-transferase	Converts amino acids into glutamate	101
6313954537	Glutamate dehydrogenase	Converts glutamate to ammonia	102
6313959310	Aspartate aminotransferase	Converts glutamate to aspartate	103
6313962766	Urea	Both aspartate and ammonia are converted to this	104
6313972012	Periportal hepatocytes	Carry out urea production	105
6313988957	NADH	Needed for gluconeogenesis, through reverse of 3-P dehydrogenase reaction	106
6313995200	Fumarate	Produced in cytosol in urea cycle, gets converted to oxaloacetate	107
6314001975	Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase	Produces NADH	108
6314016591	Carboamoyl- P Synthetase	Forms carbamoyl-phosphate, which is essential for urea cycle	109
6314024042	N-acetyl glutamate	Activates Carboamoyl- P Synthetase	110
6314032385	Arginine	Allosterically activates N-acetylglutamate synthetase	111
6314036816	Increase in [Glu]	Increases N-acetylglutamate synthetase activity	112
6314064157	Glucagon, adrenaline and glucocorticoids	Main hormones involved in stimulating transcription of urea cycle enzymes	113
6314087177	Affected infants typically die shortly after birth if not immediately diagnosed and treated	Effect of genetic mutation of urea cycle	114
6314099745	Change in Km	Non-severe enzyme defect of urea cycle	115
6314105831	Waste nitrogen accumulating in another excretable product	Non-severe enzyme defect of urea cycle	116
6314113808	Hyperammonemia (High ammonia levels in blood)	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	117
6314117188	Vomiting	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	118
6314122509	Lethargy	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	119
6314125905	Mental retardation	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	120
6314127617	Eventual coma and death	Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders	121
6314171604	Decrease protein intake	Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects, by avoiding catabolic states	122
6314179753	Provision of alternate routes for nitrogen excretion	Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects	123
6314197372	Supplements of N-compounds as necessary	Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects, due to altered metabolism	124
6314253538	Phenylacetate to phenylacetyl- glutamine	Alternative route for nitrogen excretion	125
6314256532	Benzoate to hippurate	Alternative route for nitrogen excretion	126