Biochemistry Flashcards

6980348816	isotopes	atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus	0
6980351541	radioisotopes	radioactive isotopes	1
6980352619	half-life	the rate at which radioisotopes decay	2
6980360088	ionic bonds	bonds which form when electrons are transferred	3
6980361611	anion	an atom that gains electrons	4
6980362305	cation	an atom that loses an electron	5
6980362979	covalent bonds	bonds which form when atoms share electrons	6
6980364523	molecule	the resulting structure of a covalent bond	7
6980365877	intermolecular attractions	attractions between molecules	8
6980374294	polar molecule	an unbalanced molecule	9
6980375011	non-polar molecule	a balanced molecule	10
6980378120	hydrogen bonding	keeps the two strands of DNA bonded together forming a double helix, and causes water molecules to stick together and is responsible for many special characteristics about water	11
6980382057	hydrophobic	"water hating"	12
6980382832	hydrophilic	"water loving"	13
6980385967	characteristics of water	- water has a high specific heat - water has a high heat of vaporization - water has high adhesion properties - water is the universal solvent - water exhibits strong cohesion tension - ice floats because it is less dense than water	14
6980392098	transpirational-pull cohesion tension	the way in which water moves from the roots to the leaves of the tree without the expenditure of energy	15
6980402129	pH	a measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution	16
6980406809	pH scale	measures pH- 1 is most acidic and 14 is most basic. 7 is neutral. Acidity decreases with each pH number --> pH2 is 10x more acidic than pH3	17
6980415856	buffers	substances that resist change in pH	18
6980416535	bicarbonate ion	the most important buffer in human blood	19
6980421625	four classes of organic compounds	carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids	20
6980428055	carbon, hydrogen, oxygen	elements carbohydrates consist of	21
6980430385	characteristics of carbohydrates	- quick energy - one gram of energy will release four calories of heat when burned - dietary sources include rice, pasta, bread, and cookies	22
6980438564	three classes of carbohydrates	monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides	23
6980441146	isomers	compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structures	24
6980444092	dehydration synthesis	the process by which two monosaccharides join to make a disaccharide --> by-product is water	25
6980465532	hydrolysis	the breakdown of a compound with the addition of water --> opposite of dehydration synthesis	26
6980473910	polysaccharides	polymers of carbohydrates	27
6980481677	lipids	a diverse class of organic compounds that include fats, oils, and waxes	28
6980483495	glycerol	an alcohol that looks like this	29
6980492852	lipid functions	- energy storage - structural - endocrine	30
6980496425	proteins	polymers or polypeptides consisting of repeating units called amino acids joined by peptide bonds	31
6980510078	dipeptide	two amino acids combined	32
6980511410	primary structure	results from the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein chain	33
6980512315	secondary structure	results from the hydrogen bonding within the molecule	34
6980518210	tertiary structure	the intricate conformation of a protein and most directly determines the way it functions and its specificity	35
6980525497	conformation	three-dimensional shape	36
6980527115	denature	to lose its natural shape (of a protein)	37
6980529141	quaternary structure	proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain	38
6980531536	induced-fit model	describes how enzymes work	39
6980532147	substrate	the chemical that an enzyme works on	40
6980533973	energy of activation	energy required to begin the process of the reaction	41
6980535845	cofactors/coenzymes	proteins which help enzymes	42
6980542586	prions	infections proteins which cause several brain diseases including mad cow disease	43
6980545192	nucleic acids	polymers of nucleotides	44