Biochemistry Flashcards

7814733238	Carbohydrates	Structure: carbon hydrogen and oxygen rule: always exactly twice as many atoms of H as atoms of O' Size: can be small molecules (simple sugars) can also be large molecules (complex carbohydrates) 3 types: Building block of_______ monosaccharides Glucose fructose galactose Anything that ends with the letters -ose	0
7814962664	Structure of a carbohydrate	carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	1
7814982286	rule of the carbohydrate	always exactly twice as many atoms of H as atoms of O'	2
7814987532	Size of the carbohydrate	can be small molecules (simple sugars) can also be large molecules (complex carbohydrates)	3
7814827582	Monosaccharides	-Smallest carbohydrate (one sugar) also called simple sugar Glucose (blood sugar) fructose (fruits) galactose (dairy milk) -sames molecular formula shared between them but different structural formula -Building blocks	4
7814932065	Isomers	same molecular formula different structural formula	5
7815000949	Disaccharides	made up of 2 monosaccharides bonded together Function: some provide a source of quick energy Examples -Maltose -sucrose -lactose Molecular formula C12H22O11 have twice as many H's as O's	6
7815139810	Maltose	2 molecules of glucose malt sugar	7
7815147892	sucrose	glucose and fructose table sugar	8
7815153371	lactose	glucose and galactose milk sugar	9
7815061280	Polysaccharides	made up of many monosaccharides bonded together also called complex carbohydrates Examples (both made only of glucose) -Starch: used as food storage molecule in plants, long lasting energy in humans -cellulose: forms cell wall of plants source of fiber which acids in digestion in humans (only one that does not give us energy) Prevents constipation	10
7815189055	starch	used as food storage molecule in plants, long lasting energy in humans	11
7815192393	cellulose	forms cell wall of plants source of fiber which acids in digestion in humans (only one that does not give us energy) Prevents constipation	12
7815198467	condensation reaction dehydration synthesis	two or more organic molecules join to form a more complex molecule with water as one of the products	13
7815270690	Proteins	structure: made of 5 elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur -size proteins are large molecules -building blocks: proteins are composed of amino acids	14
7815350558	Building Blocks	proteins are composed of amino acids	15
7815326028	size of a protein	are large molecules	16
7815285779	structure of a protein	structure: made of 5 elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur	17
7815360195	amino acids	building block of proteins 22 different types can form many different types of proteins two types -10 are essential -12 are non-essential difference between the two essential are the amino acids we get from our food because our body does not make them (need them from diet) non-essentail our body produces so we don't need them from our diet	18
7815448178	essential	10 are essential difference between the two essential are the amino acids we get from our food because our body does not make them (need them from diet)	19
7815472517	Non-essential	12 are essential non-essential our body produces so we don't need them from our diet	20
7815517633	peptide bond	the bond formed between amino acids	21
7815533871	dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction	when amino acid bond and peptide bonds form water is given off in the process	22
7815542447	polypeptide bond	a chain of amino acids proteins are made of one or more of these chains	23
7815566091	shape	the order of amino acids determines the type of protein, the shape of the protein and the function -changing the order of amino acids in the protein changes the type of proteins that is made	24
7815591314	Disulfide Bonds	hold the shape folded of the amino acids together to make a protein	25
7815626474	Function of Proteins	known as the building blocks of life are involved in most of the activities in the body and serve as many vital functions -function of structural proteins to build tissues and organs	26
7815693250	Enzymes	are chemical tolls used to speed up chemical reactions (breaking things down) when it becomes to hot enzymes begin to brake down speed up chemical reactions -enzyme names ends in the letter "ase" -enzymes are complex organic proteins used to speed up chemical reactions -some enzymes put molecules together, others break apart -enzymes vary in shape the shape of an enzyme determines the substance (substrate) it will react with	27
7816032946	enzymes	can only react with one specific type of sub-strait, the shape of the enzyme and the shape of the sub-strait must fit together for a reaction to occur	28
7816065199	Lock and key model	keys can open only certain locks enzymes can only react with certain enzymes to carry out a reaction the enzymes and sub strait must join at the active site( spot on the enzymes where the reaction occurs)	29
7816115954	substrate	the reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction	30
7816182236	active site	reaction between enzymes and substrate	31
7815756297	Denaturation	chemical proteins become less stable molecules meaning their structure can be changed (broken apart) due to exposure to high temperatures	32
7816233420	catalase	enzyme dis the enzyme that brakes down hydrogen peroxide is found in all living cells is produced in the liver	33
7816294359	Hydrogen Peroxide	H2O2 is a toxic by product of living cells, if its not eliminated from your cells they will die	34
7816309998	catalysts	some simple inorganic molecules can speed up reactions	35
7816341079	manganese dioxide	MnO2 is a catalyst then can be broken down hydrogen peroxide	36
7816386368	Enzymes and Catalysts	-All enzymes are catalysts but not all catalysts are enzymes -enzymes are complex molecules catalysts are simple molecules -enzymes are organic molecules (carbon and hydrogen) catalysts are inorganic molecules	37
7816450402	lipids are made of	hydrogen carbon oxygen	38
7816433617	lipids	-fats and oils -fats are solid, oils are liquid at room temperature have less oxygen then carbohydrates	39
7816490804	molecular formula of lipids	# of oxygen is less than half of the # of hydrogen	40
7816517588	Building blocks	Glycerol Fatty acid	41
7816524063	Glycerol	the backbone of all lipid molecules remains unchanged	42
7816534021	fatty acids	three fatty acids are bonded to each glycerol model in most lipids saturated unsaturated	43
7816555855	saturated	fatty acids with carbon filled with hydrogen and only single bonds between carbon atoms	44
7816562051	unsaturated	fatty acids with carbon atoms not filled with hydrogen and some double bonds between carbon atoms	45
7816583999	dehydration synthesis	when glycerol and fatty acids bond to form a lipid, water molecules are given off as a by product	46
7816607186	carboxly group		47
7816628369	function of lipids	-used as stored source of energy in the body -protects some organs kidneys -helps to keep us warm (insulation) -used to build cell membranes	48
7816658593	Nucleic Acids structure	made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitgrogen, and phosphorus	49
7816678390	Nucleic Acids building blocks	nucleotide each made of a sugar a phosphate group and a base	50
7816689427	Nucleotide structural formula	when nucleotide bond together the sugar of one nucleotide bonds to the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide	51
7816736944	condensation reaction	when sugar phosphate bonds form, water molecules are given off during the process	52
7816748880	Nucleic acid function	large molecules made up of nucleotide used to store genetic information (DNA-controls what we look like) smaller molecules used to make proteins (RNA)	53