Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 5888229021 | Peptide bond | The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid | 0 | |
| 5888236787 | Phosphodiester linkage | covalent bonds that join adjacent nucleotides between the -OH group of the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5' carbon of the next | 1 | |
| 5888242303 | C, H, N, O, P, S | What are the most abundant elements in biological molecules? | 2 | |
| 5888255841 | Ionic interactions, H bonds, van der Waals | What are the three major types of electrostatic forces that act on biological molecules? | 3 | |
| 5888263786 | van der Waals radii | The optimal packing distance that maximized the attractive van der Waals forces (London dispersion forces) between two non-covalently bonded molecules. (well, the sum of these 2 numbers is the optimal packing distance) | 4 | |
| 5888273006 | hydrophobic effect | The association of a relatively non-polar molecule or group with other non-polar molecules. This is not a bond, this is just the polar water molecules associating with each other and not the non-polar molecule. H-bond of water is disrupted... decreases entropy of the water and this is bad so try and make the smallest surface area of the non-polar thing. | 5 | |
| 5888278719 | amphiphilic | Of or relating to a molecule having a polar, water-soluble group attached to a nonpolar, water-insoluble hydrocarbon chain. | 6 | |
| 5888279700 | amphipathic | A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. | 7 | |
| 5891680742 | adenine, guanine | Name the two purines | 8 | |
| 5891687121 | uracil, thymine, cytosine | Name the three pyrimidines | 9 | |
| 5891699284 | guanine | Which of the purines has the carbonyl group? | 10 | |
| 5911065745 | thymine has a methyl group on 3' carbon | What is the difference between thymine and uracil? | 11 | |
| 5911081069 | amino group on the 4' carbon (instead of carbonyl group) | How can you recognize a cytosine? | 12 | |
| 5911102091 | idine (cytidine, thymidine, uridine) | pyrimidine (uracil, thymine, cytosine) with a five carbon sugar ends in | 13 | |
| 5911106384 | osine (guanosine, adenosine) | purines (adenine, guanine) with a five carbon sugar end in | 14 | |
| 5911160269 | five and six ring | Purines have (either a six ring or a five and six ring) | 15 | |
| 5911163423 | six ring | Pyrimidines have (either a six ring or a five and six ring) | 16 | |
| 5915475798 | amino group (donor), N-1 (acceptor) | What makes hydrogen bonds in adenine | 17 | |
| 5915488334 | amino group (donor), N-3 (acceptor), C-2 carbonyl (acceptor) | What makes hydrogen bonds in cytosine | 18 | |
| 5915492054 | N-3 (donor), C-2 carbonyl (acceptor), C-4 carbonyl (acceptor) | What makes hydrogen bonds in thymine | 19 | |
| 5915492055 | amino group (donor), C-6 carbonyl (acceptor), N-1 (donor) | What makes hydrogen bonds in guanine | 20 | |
| 5949537854 | hyperchromicity | The capacity of single-stranded DNA to absorb more ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260 nm than does double-stranded DNA. | 21 | |
| 5949537855 | hypochromicity | Hypo (low) chromicity (absorbance) (like when we go from single stranded DNA to double stranded DNA) | 22 | |
| 5949652868 | stronger base stacking interactions | Why does DNA with a higher GC content have a higher midpoint of melting (Tm)? GC pair have... | 23 | |
| 6006575043 | Asparagine no pKa | Asn, name and pKa | 24 | |
| 6006599839 | Glutamine no pKa | Gln name and pKa | 25 | |
| 6006610033 | Cysteine 8.5 | Cys | 26 | |
| 6006619406 | Histidine 6 | His name and pKa | 27 | |
| 6006778300 | Lysine, 10 | Lys, name and pKa | 28 | |
| 6006820699 | Glutamate 4 | Glu, name and pKa | 29 | |
| 6006823598 | Arginine 12.5 | Arg, name and pKa | 30 | |
| 6006833639 | Aspartate 4 | Asp, name and pKa | 31 | |
| 6006887077 | Isoleucine | Ile | 32 | |
| 6006891309 | Tryptophan | Trp | 33 | |
| 6006910735 | Tyrosine 10.5 | Tyr name and pKa | 34 | |
| 6707156761 | -30 | What is the standard free energy change (delta G) for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP? in kJ/mol | 35 | |
| 6707275069 | oxidative | catabolism is (reductive or oxidative) | 36 | |
| 6707275070 | reductive | anabolism is (reductive or oxidative) | 37 | |
| 6707386889 | decreased electrostatic repulsion, resonance stabilization, solvation effects | What are three things that make ATP a high energy molecule? All of these things are the result of the phosphoanydride bond | 38 | |
| 6707456467 | phosphoanhydride | What bond in ATP makes it high energy? When it breaks there is relieved electrostatic repulsion, the products have higher resonance stabilization, solvation effects, all that good shit | 39 | |
| 6707733179 | catabolism | What generates reduced cofactors/electron carriers? | 40 | |
| 6708401457 | 10 6 | How many electrons get pumped across the mitochondrial membrane for every NADH? For every FADH? | 41 | |
| 6708433432 | coenzyme Q | moves freely in the membrane and passes e- to complex 3 from complex 1 and 2. Lipid soluble, | 42 | |
| 6708444474 | Flavin mononucleotide (complex I) Iron-sulphur clusters, copper, cytochrome heme | Name the 4 prosthetic groups in the electron transport chain that are reversibly oxidized/reduced and move the electron down the chain | 43 | |
| 6708551756 | succinate fumarate | In complex II ____ is oxidized to ______ | 44 | |
| 6708577813 | Fo | Which is the transmembrane portion of ATP synthase | 45 | |
| 6708579006 | F1 | What portion of ATP synthase catalyzes the formation of ATP? | 46 | |
| 6708604416 | 3 3 2 | About how many H+ are required to make 1 ATP? So how many ATP are made from (about) 1 NADH? FADH? | 47 | |
| 6708947302 | rate of ATP synthesis | What determines proton movement and ultimately oxygen consumption? | 48 | |
| 6708980823 | Availability of P and ADP | What determines the rate of oxidative phosphorylation? | 49 | |
| 6709113533 | hexokinase | The enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis. This is one of the regulatory steps of this pathway. It is feedback-inhibited by glucose-6-P. Requires ATP | 50 | |
| 6709356934 | Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) | What is the rate-determining enzyme of Glycolysis? Transfers phosphate from Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Requires ATP | 51 | |
| 6709479106 | glucose + 2ATP --> 2GAP + 2ADP + 2H+ | sum up the energy investment stage of glycolysis | 52 | |
| 6709541517 | GAP + NAD+ + Pi <--> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ | First step in the energy capture stage of glycolysis (or the 6th step overall) looks like twat? | 53 | |
| 6709573584 | GAPDH | What catalyzes the (oxidation reaction) formation of 1,3-BGP (and NADH) from GAP? | 54 | |
| 6709943932 | 1,3 BPG --> 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate kinase | What is the first "energy capture" step in glycolysis? What's the catalyst? | 55 | |
| 6709990948 | phosphoenolpyruvate --> enolpyruvate --> pyruvate pyruvate kinase | What is the second "energy capture" step in glycolysis? What is the catalyst? | 56 | |
| 6710042586 | Glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ + 2Pi --> 2ATP + 2pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H2O + 2H+ | What is glycolysis, overall? | 57 | |
| 6710067845 | phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) 1,3 BPG NADH ATP | what are the high energy things made in glycolysis, including the intermediates | 58 | |
| 6710087858 | Substrate availability Alteration of enzyme activity Alteration of amount of enzyme Compartmentation | The rate of flux through metabolic pathways is regulated by four major processes: | 59 | |
| 6710098501 | Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase-1 Pyruvate kinase | Which of the enzymes in glycolysis are regulated? | 60 | |
| 6710125964 | glucose-6-phosphate inhibit | What regulates hexokinase? How does it regulate it? Product inhibition | 61 | |
| 6710221048 | ADP/AMP (+) and PEP (-) fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (+) fructose-6 phosphate (homoallosteric activator) ATP (homoallosteric inhibitor) | What is PKF-1 regulated by? | 62 | |
| 6710287912 | ATP (-) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (+) Feed forward | What regulates pyruvate kinase? This is what kind of activation? | 63 | |
| 6710451941 | pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) | Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA via the | 64 | |
| 6710456655 | matrix (of the mitochondria) | Where is pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA? | 65 | |
| 6710470240 | pyruvate + CoA + NAD --> Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH | What is the overall reaction of the conversion of pyruvate of acetyl-CoA? | 66 | |
| 6710513283 | NAD+/NADH ratio Ca++ concentration (+) Acetyl-CoA (-) | The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated by: | 67 | |
| 6710531237 | off | The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is switched __ when phosphorylated | 68 | |
| 6710996541 | citrate synthase | couples acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate and then hydrolyzes the resulting product, forming citrate and CoA-SH. | 69 | |
| 6711121424 | Pyruvate Carboxylase | The formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate is an important anaplerotic reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by ______ ______. This enzyme is activated by acetyl-CoA and inhibited by ADP | 70 | |
| 6711260492 | uracil |  | 71 | |
| 6711261245 | thymine |  | 72 | |
| 6711263184 | adenine |  | 73 | |
| 6711265664 | guanine |  | 74 | |
| 6711386131 | Aspartate (Asp, -) Glutamate (Glu, -) Lysine (Lys, +) Arginine (Arg, +) | what are the charged amino acids? | 75 |