Biochemistry Flashcards

4174495090	Lipids	Water-insoluble substances	0
4174495641	Lipids classifications	Fats (triglycerides), complex, steroids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes	1
4174496421	Fats consist of	Fatty acids in glycerol	2
4174496618	Saturated fatty acids	Single bond hydrocarbon chains	3
4174497450	Unsaturated fatty acids	More than one double bond all in the cis configuration	4
4174498460	What is the alkali salts of fatty acids called?	Soaps	5
4174499205	T/F - solid fats are saturated fatty acids and oils are unsaturated	True	6
4174499206	Complex lipid classifications	Phospholipids: alcohol (glycerol or spingosine), fatty acid, nitrogen containing phospate Glycolipids: spingosine, fatty acid and carbohydrate	7
4174501057	Glycerophospolipids	Complex lipids - glycerol with two esterified fatty acids and an alcohol group esterified to nitrogen-containing phosphate	8
4174502463	Spingolipids	Complex - long chain alcohol sphingosine esterified to a fatty acid. Nitrogen-containing esters are bonded to spingosine moiety.	9
4174502793	Glycolipids	Complex - ceramide portion and carbohydrate portion	10
4174503455	Steroids	Fused four-ring nucleus	11
4174504227	What is the most common steroid?	Cholesterol	12
4174505012	Cholesterol functions	starting material for the synthesis of other steroids such as bile salts and sex/other hormones. Integral part of membranes.	13
4174506916	Types of Cholsterol	LDL, HDL, VHDL, Chylomicrons	14
4174507538	HDL	33% protein/30% cholesterol transports from tissues to liver	15
4174507963	LDL	25% protein/50% cholesterol Transports from liver to tissues	16
4174508506	VLDL	triglycerides synthesized by liver Transports for storage in fat/takes out of storage	17
4174509311	Chylomicrons	Dietary lipids synthesized in intestines circulate for use or storage	18
4174510902	Lipid classification by functions	Storage of energy in fat cells, form part of membrane, chemical messengers	19
4174512712	Adjacent to renal	"adrenal"	20
4174513086	Funtions of Mineralcorticoids	regulate concentration of ions (Na, K)	21
4174513662	Functions of glucocorticoids	Control carbohydrate metabolism, decrease inflammation, involved in stress reaction	22
4174513987	Cortex of gland	"corticoid"	23
4174514174	Functions of aldosterone	main mineralcorticoid. Increased secretion enhances reabsorption of Na and Cl in kidney tubules & increases loss of K. Controls tissue swelling	24
4174515606	Cortisol	Main glucocorticoid - increase glucose and glycogen concentrations	25
4174516046	Adrenocorticoid Hormones	Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids	26
4174516771	Precursor of adrenocorticoid hormones	Progesterone	27
4174516951	Oxidation product of cholesterol	Progesterone and Bile salts	28
4174517805	Testosterone	Promotes normal growth of male genitals, synthesized in testes	29
4174518491	Estradiol	Synthesized from testosterone - regulates menstruation cycle	30
4174519009	Luteinizing Hormone	LH - triggers ovulation	31
4174519596	Derivatives from arachidonic acid	Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes - mediate hormone action, lower or raise blood pressure, cause inflammation and blood clotting, induce labor.	32
4174522875	saponification of triglycerides	hydrolysis of fats and oils in aqueous NaOH and produces glycerol and a mixture of fatty acid salts called soaps	33
4174524083	Triglyceride	Triester of glycerol with three fatty acids - all three hydroxy groups esterified with fatty acids	34
4174524777	Physical properties of triglycerides	Depend on fatty acid components	35
4174526561	Phospholipids	Alcohol, two fatty acids, phosphate ester	36
4174528355	Cholesterol tranport	Starts out as VLDL - carried in the serum - fat is removed and density increases = LDL - LDL carries to cells and bind to receptors - taken in to cells where enzymes liberate free cholesterol and cholesterol esters	37
4174529968	How long does LDL stay in plasma	2.5 days	38
4174532000	Bile salts are synthesized in the ____ and stored in the ____ and secreted in the ____	Liver, gallbladder, intestine	39
4174532864	COX-1 enzyme catalyzes	normal physiological production of prostaglandins	40
4174533841	COX-2 enzyme catalyzes	Prostaglandins in inflammation	41
4174534270	Thromboxane A2 induces	Platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction	42
4174534710	____ inhibit COX enzyme	Aspirin, NSDAIDS	43
4174736216	Proteins	amino acids linked by peptide bonds	44
4174736632	Functions on proteins	Structural, enzymatic, carrier, storage, protective, hormonal	45
4174736996	Amino acids	contain amino and carboxyl group	46
4174737261	How are amino acids classified	Side chains - non polar, polar but neutral, acidic, base	47
4174737736	T/F All amino acids in human tissues are L-amino acids	True	48
4174738224	Zwitterions	Amino acids in the solid and aqueous state carrying both positive and negative charges	49
4174738838	Isoelectric point	pH at which the number of postive charges equals the negative charges	50
4174740022	Characteristics of amino acids	Determined by R chain	51
4174741617	Primary structure of a protein	Linear sequence of amino acids	52
4174741848	Secondary strucure of a protein	Repeating short-range conformations (a-helix, b-pleated sheet, extended helix of collagen, random coil)	53
4174743407	Tertiary structure of a protein	three-dimensional conformation	54
4174743818	How are tertiary protein structures maintained	Covalent crosslinks (disulfide bonds, salt bridges hydrogen bonds, metal-ion coordination, hydrophobic interactions) between side chains	55
4174744858	Quaternary structure of protein	2+ tertiary polypeptides combining to form a full protein	56
4174747441	Protein denaturation	Agent leaving only the primary structure	57
4273067332	Enzymes	Macromolecules that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Most are very specific - catalyze only one reaction.	58
4273071218	Substrate	Compound whose reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme	59
4273073801	What are enzymes	Most are globuler proteins, although some are made of RNA	60
4273076609	Enzyme classification	Oxidoreductases: Oxidation-reduction reactions. Transferases: Group transfer reactions. Hydrolases: Hydrolysis reactions. Lyases: Addition of two groups to a double bond, or removal of two groups to create a double bond. Isomerases: Isomerization reactions. Ligases: The joining to two molecules.	61
4273087979	Enzyme nomenclature	"Ase"	62
4273092144	Apoenzyme	Polypeptide chain	63
4273092145	Cofactors	nonprotein	64
4273093531	Coenzymes	organic compounds	65
4273095817	Active site	Part of enzyme that participoates in catalysis of reaction. Cofactors are part of this	66
4273100227	Inhibitors	Compounds that slow enzyme action	67
4273102510	Competitive inhibitor	Attaches self to the active site	68
4273102547	Noncompetitive inhibitor	Binds to other part of enzyme surface	69
4273107179	Factos influencing enzyme activity	High enzyme and substrate concentrations = higher enzyme activity Each enzyme has optimal temperature and pH at which it has it's greatest activity	70
4273120163	Mechanisms of enzyme action	Lock-and-key model and induced-fit model Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a biochemical reaction to occur	71
4273125029	Regulation of enzymes	Feedback - concentration influences the rate of reaction Proenzymes or zymogens must be activated by removing a portion of the polypeptide chain Allosterism - interaction takes place at a position other than the active site but affects the site either positively or negatively Protein modification - activate or inhibit enzymes Isozymes - regulate enzyme activity	72
4273147801	Difference between enzyme and catalyst	Enzyme: biological catalyst - either a protein or RNA molecule Catalyst: any substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction and is not itself changed	73
4273152794			74