biochemistry Flashcards

7979076890	biological molecules are composed of what element	carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms	0
7979090741	what other elements are found in biological molecules	oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen	1
7979113667	what type of bond does carbon form	covalent	2
7979119529	how many bonds does carbon form	4	3
7979148028	hydrocarbons	molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen -store energy, make good fuels ex: gasoline nonpolar-electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen are very similar	4
7979191453	nonpolar	atoms have similar electronegative	5
7979198722	polar	very different electronegativities	6
7979304173	functional groups	specific molecular groups	7
7979314088	hydroxyl	hydrophilic: polar b/c of electronegativity of oxygen -found in alcohols	8
7979697371	carbonyl	-hydrophilic; b/c of electronegativity of O2 -found in aldehydes or ketones	9
7979720276	carboxyl	-hydrophilic; acidic due to release of H+ -found in carboxylic acids	10
7979737423	amino	-hydrophilic; basic b/c NH2 picks up H+ -found in amines	11
7979749004	sulfhydryl	-hydrophilic -found in thiols -help stabilize the structure of proteins	12
7979801364	phosphate	-hydrophilic -transfers energy b/t organic molecules -found in organic phosphates	13
7979808018	isomers	organic molecules with same molecular formula but exist in different forms	14
7979822895	chiral molecules	when carbon is bound to 4 different groups -mirror images of eachother	15
7979834107	monomer	small similar chemical subunits that are joined to form polymers -joined by dehydration synthesis	16
7979839232	polymer	made up of monomers	17
7979908592	dehydration synthesis	-OH group is removed from one monomer and a Hydrogen (H) is removed from another forming a water molecule used to join monomers	18
7979930379	hydrolysis	H2 atom is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other- breaking covalent bond -water molecule is removed used to disassemble polymers	19
7979990337	carbohydrates	molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and o2 -1:2:1 ratio -stores energy	20
7980008694	monomer of carbs	monosaccharides (simple sugar)	21
7980024814	triose	3 carbons	22
7980024815	pentose	5 carbons	23
7980028104	hexose	6 carbons	24
7980030927	disaccharide	2 monosaccharides	25
7980037692	polysaccharide	longer polymer of monosaccharides	26
7980053718	glycosidic bond	joins a carbohydrate to another molecule	27
7980067586	sugar monomer for starch, glycogen, cellulose, & chitin	glucose	28
7980073193	starch	-plants function: storage	29
7980080348	glycogen	-animals function: storage	30
7980087934	cellulose	-plants function: structural material for cell walls	31
7980091735	chitin	-arthropods and fungi function: structural material	32
7980122005	nucleic acids	store and transmit genetic info	33
7980139454	monomer of nucleic acids	nucleotide	34
7980150130	bond b/t nucleotide	phosphodiester bond	35
7980172503	phosphodiester bond formation	-dehydration reaction -hydrogen from a phosphate attached to the 5' carbon combines with a hydroxyl group attached to a 3' carbon -water molecule is removed	36
7980232625	purines	2 carbon rings	37
7980236936	pyrimidines	1 carbon ring	38
7980264853	DNA	-double helix -two chains in spiral shape backbone: alternating sugar and phosphate molecule bases -rung of ladder joined w/ hydrogen bones	39
7980279577	dna	-deoxyribose sugar -double stranded -thymine base	40
7980286570	rna	-single stranded -ribose sugar -uracil base	41
7980298830	DNA and RNA	-nucleic acids -nucleotide monomer -A G C	42
7980315292	adenine is used where else	ATP	43
7980315293	protein function	enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage	44
7980324061	monomer of protein	amino acid	45
7980329049	polypeptide formation	-dehydration synthesis -OH is removed from one amino acid and a Hydrogen is removed from another -molecule of water is removed	46
7980340995	lipids	-hydrophobic: insoluble in water -large portion of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen chains -can't fold up to move nonpolar areas away from water	47
7980377409	triglycerides	-glycerol and 3 fatty acids each fatty acid has long hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxylic acid at one end -dehydration synthesis removes 3 -OH groups from glycerol molecule and H from each fatty acid= 3 H2o molecules & triglyceride produced	48
7980415414	bond b/t glycerol and fatty acid	ester bond	49
7980430246	trans fat	unsaturated fat in which H atom after double bond is on opposite side of the H before the double bond	50
7980452104	phospholipid	-no 3rd fatty acid -has phosphate group(attached to charged organic molecule) -3 carbons, 3 hydroxy, 2 fatty acids make up cell membrane	51
7980505734	phospholipid in lipid bilayer	-head is polar: oriented toward extracellular and intracellular water -tails are nonpolar: congregate together away from water	52