Biochemistry Chapter 10 Flashcards

7870015534	Lipids	Organic molecules that are characterized by low solubility in water, that is, are relatively hydrophobic	0
7870020968	Storage of energy	-reduced compounds: lots of available energy -hydrophobic nature: good packing	1
7870023394	Insulation from environment	-low thermal conductivity -high heat capacity (can "absorb" heat) -Mechanical protection (can absorb shocks)	2
7870029159	Water repellant	Hydrophobic nature: keeps surface of the organism dry -prevents excessive wetting (birds) -prevents loss of water via evaporation	3
7870035285	Buoyancy control and acoustics in marine mammals	-increased density while diving deep helps sinking (just a hypothesis) -spermaceti organ may focus sound energy: sound stun gun?	4
7870041502	Membrane structure	main structure of cell membranes	5
7870043507	Cofactors for enzymes	-vitamin K: blood clot formation -coenzyme Q: ATP synthesis in mitochondria	6
7870047455	Signaling molecules	Paracrine hormones steroid hormones growth factors Vitamins A and D (hormone precursors)	7
7870050396	paracrine hormones	act locally	8
7870052225	steroid hormones	act body-wide	9
7870054358	Vitamins A and D	hormone precursors	10
7870056906	Pigments	color of tomatoes, carrots, pumpkins, some birds	11
7870058569	vitamin E	antioxidant pertaining of lipids	12
7870067374	Two major lipids	-Lipids that contain fatty acids -Lipids that do not contain fatty acids	13
7870069913	Complex lipids	contain fatty acids	14
7870071821	Two complex lipids	storage and membrane lipids	15
7870074463	Fatty acids	carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains containing between 4 to 36 carbons -Almost all natural fastty acids have an even number of carbons -most naturally fatty acids are unbranched	16
7870079904	Saturated	no double bonds between carbons in the chain	17
7870081432	Monounsaturated	one double bond between carbons in teh alkyl chain	18
7870082774	Polyunsaturated	More than one double in the alkyl chain	19
7870086387	Systematic name	IUPAC nomenclature	20
7870086388	common name	such as oleic acid	21
7870088461	Delta numbering	Describes location of the first carbon of the alkene in relationship to the carbonyl carbon	22
7870096221	Omega numbering	Describes location of the first carbon of the alkene in relationship to the terminal methyl	23
7870128133	Omega-3 fatty acids	-essential nutrients -Humans need them but cannot synthesize them -They include ALA, DHA, and EPA --DHA, EPA can be synthesized from ALA	24
7870134774	Solubility	decreases as the chain length increases	25
7870135898	Melting point	decreases as the chain length decreases -Decreases as the number of double bonds increases	26
7870141681	Conformation of fatty acids	-saturated chain adopt extended conformations -double bonds in natural unsaturated fatty acids are commonly in cis configuration, which kinks the chain	27
7870145815	cis conformation	Double bonds in fatty acids adopt ____ _________	28
7870153878	Orderly	Saturated fatty acids pack in an _____ way -extensive favorable interactions	29
7870156023	disordered	Unsaturated cis fatty acids pack less orderly due to the kink -less-extensive favorable interactions	30
7870163698	lower	Unsaturated cis fatty acids have a ______ melting point than saturated fatty acids	31
7870170010	Trans fatty acids	-form by partial dehydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids -done to increase shelf life or stability at high temps of oils used in cooking -have extended conformation -higher melting points	32
7870188614	cardiovascular disease	consuming trans fats increases risk of _____________ _______	33
7870196361	FA	fatty acids	34
7870196362	GL	glycerolipids	35
7870197576	GP	glycerophospholipids	36
7870199223	SP	sphingolipids	37
7870199224	ST	sterol lipids	38
7870200664	PR	prenol lipids	39
7870200665	SL	Saccharolipids	40
7870202849	PK	polyketides	41
7870207592	Triacylglycerols	(nonpolar) -majority of fatty acids in biological systems are found in this form -less dense than water	42
7870210347	fats	solid triacylglycerols	43
7870211865	oils	liquid triacylglycerols	44
7870213281	body fat	primary storage form of lipids using triacylglycerols	45
7870218735	esterification	Triacylglycerols are less soluble in water than fatty acids due to the ________ of the carboxylate group	46
7870249802	More	Fatty acids carry ____ energy per carbon than polysaccharides because they are produced	47
7870253081	Less	Fatty acids carry ____ water per gram because they are nonpoilar	48
7870254931	Glucose and glycogen	for short-term energy needs and quick delivery	49
7870256969	long-term	Fats are for ___ ____ energy needs, good storage, and slow delivery	50
7870259977	Waxes	esters of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain alcohols -insoluble and have high melting points	51
7870270314	Wax functions	-Storage of metabolic fuel in plankton -protection and pliability for hair and skin in vertebrates -waterproofing of feathers in birds -protection from evaporation in tropical plants and ivy -used by people in lotions, ointments, and polishes	52
7870282889	Beeswax	Mixture of a large number of lipids, including esters of triacontanol, and a long-chain alkane hentiacontane	53
7870289212	Membrane lipids	contain polar head groups and nonpolar tails (usually attached fatty acids)	54
7870290975	Membrane lipid diversification	-modifying a different backbone -changing the fatty acids -modifying the head groups	55
7870296997	Organisms and tissues	Different __________ ___ _______ have different membrane lipid head group compositions	56
7870304476	Glycerophospholipids	-primary constituents of cell membranes -two fatty acids form ester linkages witht eh first and second hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol-3-phosphate	57
7870313544	charged	phosphate group is ____ at physiological pH	58
7870316734	Structure of glycerophospholipds	Unsaturated fatty acids commonly found connected to C2 of glycerol-3-phosphate -the highly polar phosphate group may be further esterified by an alcohol; such substituent groups are called head groups	59
7870324114	glycerol-3-phosphate	Esterification forms glycerophospholipids	60
7870330604	phosphatidycholine	-choline as head group -major component of most eukaryotic cell membranes -many prokaryotes, including E. coli, cannot synthesize this lipid; their membranes do not contain it	61
7870340117	choline		62
7870362816	Plasmologen	-vinyl ether analog of phosphatiylethanolamine -common in vertebrate heart tissue -also found in protozoa and anaerobic bacteria -function not well understood	63
7870376211	Platelets-Activating Factor	-Aliphatic ether analog of phosphatidylcholine -Acetic acid has esterified position C2 -first signaling lipid to be identified -stimulates aggregation of blood platelets -plays role in mediation of inflammation	64
7870384648	Sphingolipids	-Backbone: long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine -Fatty acid joined to sphingosine via an amide linkage, rather than an ester linkage as usually seen in lipids -polar head group is connected to sphingosine by a glycosidic of phosphodiester linkage -The sugar-containing glycosphingolipids are found largely in the outer face of plasma membranes	65
7870406001	sphingosine	backbone of sphingolipids -long-chain amino alcohol	66
7870408093	amide linkage	fatty acid joined to sphingosine via:	67
7870410056	glycosidic or phosphodiester	Polar head group is connected to sphingosine by a ________ or ________ linkage	68
7870414638	Ceramide	sphingosine + amide-linked fatty acid	69
7870416325	kSphingomyelin	Ceramide + phosphocholine attached to the alcoihol	70
7870417918	myelin sheath	sphingomyelin is abundant in:	71
7870421686	Blood groups	determined in part by the type of sugars located on the head groups in glycosphingolipids	72
7870426055	glycosyltransferases	Structure of sugar determined by an expression of specific ________. This helps determine blood type	73
7870429643	O antigen	individuals with no active glycosyltransferase	74
7870431451	A blood group	Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers an N-acetylgalactosamine group	75
7870434239	B blood group	Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers a galactose group	76
7870489894	Lysosome	Structural and signaling lipids are degraded in the ________	77
7870507134	Phospholipases A-D	phospholipids are degraded by: -each one cleaves a specific bond	78
7870527290	Gangliosides	degraded via a series of enzymatic cleavages	79
7870751303	Lysosomal storage disorders	caused by the failure to correctly degrade gangliosides results in build-up of lipids in lysosomes, a dysfunction categorized as:	80
7870756318	Sterol	-Steroid nucleus: four fused rings -hydroxyl group (polar head) in the A-ring -Various nonpolar side chains -tetracycle structure is almost planar	81
7870797725	Cholesterol	-this and related sterols are present in membranes of most eukaryotic cells --modulate fluidity and permeability --thicken the plasma membrane --no sterols in most bacteria	82
7870801737	Mammals	obtain cholesterol from food or synthesize it de novo in the liver	83
7870811642	Cholesterol bound to proteins	-transported to tissues via blood vessels -cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins tends to deposit and clog arteries	84
7870823651	hormones	many are derivatives of sterols	85
7870826718	Steroids	-oxidized derivatives of sterols -have the sterol nucleus but lack the alkyl chain found in cholesterol -more polar than cholesterol	86
7870831017	gonads and adrenal glands	location of the synthesis from cholesterol	87
7870903386	carrier proteins	aid in the transport of steroid hormones in blood stream	88
7870906087	male and female sex hormones	many steroid hormones are what kind of hormones	89
7870909167	testosterone		90
7870909958	cortisol		91
7870910913	prednisone		92
7870915907	β-Estradiol		93
7870918268	Aldosterone		94
7870919649	Prednisolone		95
7870921362	Brassinolide		96
7870924801	Biologically active lipids	-present in much smaller amounts than storage or structural lipids -play vital roles as signaling molecules between nearby cells	97
7870928814	Lipid soluble vitamins	Vitamins A, D, E, and K	98
7870932938	Arachidonic acid derivatives	-act as signaling lilpids -enzymatic oxidation	99
7870936578	Prostaglandins	inflammation and fever	100
7870938108	thromboxanes	formation of blood clots	101
7870938110	leukotrienes	smooth muscle contraction in lungs	102
7870940345	Retinol	vitamin A, derived from beta carotene -involved in visual pigment -precursor for other hormones involved in signaling	103
7870947920	Vitamin E	an antioxidant	104
7870947922	Vitamin K	a blood clotting cofactor (phylloquinone)	105
7870950306	Warfarin	a blood anticoagulant	106
7870951718	Ubiquinone	a mitochondrial electron carrier (coenzyme Q)	107
7870953673	Plastoquinone	a chloroplast electron carrier	108
7870955619	Dolichol	a sugar carrier	109
7870959125	Polyketides	biologically active lipids with medicinal uses: -diverse family of compounds synthesized similarly to fatty acid biosynthesis --commonly secondary metabolites with specialized function	110