AP world history Chapter 8 Flashcards

3134014542	Archaic cultures	hunting and gathering groups dispersed over the Americas by 9000 B.C.E.	0
3134014543	Maize	a staple crop of sedentary agriculturists in the Americas; domesticated by 4000 B.C.E. in central Mexico.	1
3134014544	Manioc	another staple of sedentary agriculturists in the Americas; principal crop in the lowlands of South America and the Caribbean islands.	2
3134014545	Mesoamerica	the area from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua.	3
3134014546	Chiefdom	widely diffused pattern of social organization in the Americas; featured chieftains who ruled from central towns over a large territory, including small towns that paid tribute; the predominant town often featured temples and priest class.	4
3134014547	Olmec	cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico circa 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.	5
3134014548	Monte Alban	Zapotec ritual center, Oaxaca, Mexico; influenced by spreading Olmec cultures	6
3134014549	Teotihuacan	site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population up to 200,000.	7
3134014550	Maya	classical culture of southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical system; highly developed religion.	8
3134014551	Stelae	large memorial pillars to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Mayan rulers.	9
3134014552	Long count	Mayan system of dating from a fixed date in the past; 3114 B.C.E. marked the beginning of a great cycle of 5200 years; allowed precision dating of events in Mayan history.	10
3134014553	Toltecs	successors of Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; established political control over large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E.	11
3134014554	Chichén Itzá	Mayan city in Yucatan, Mexico.	12
3134014555	Hopewell culture	second of the mound building cultures; lasted from 200 to 500 C.E.	13
3134014556	Mississippian culture	last of the mound-building cultures; included Moundville and Cahokia; flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E.; had large towns and ceremonial centers.	14
3134014557	Anasazi	culture of the southwestern United States; flourished from 200 to 1200 C.E.; had large multistory adobe and stone buildings built in protected canyons or cliffs.	15
3134014558	Kivas	circular pits in Anasazi communities used by men for religious meetings.	16
3134014559	Puna	high valleys and steppes lying between the two major chains of the Andes; site of South American agricultural origins; also only location of pastoralism in the Americas.	17
3134014560	Lunar cycle	one of the principal means for establishing a calendar; based on cycles of the moon; failed to provide an accurate guide to the round of the seasons.	18
3134014561	Solar cycle	calendrical based on the solar year; variations in Western civilization are the Julian and Gregorian calendars; the Maya had a solar calendar.	19
3134014562	Chavín culture	appeared in the highlands of the Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; had ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; the greatest center was Chavín de Huantar.	20
3134014563	Mochica	flourished in the Andes north of Chavín culture in the Moche valley between 200 and 700 C.E.; had great clay-brick temples; created a military chiefdom supported by extensive irrigated culture.	21
3134014564	Tihuanaco and Huari	large centers for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 C.E., located in southern Peru; had large ceremonial centers supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; center for the spread of religious and artistic symbols all over Andean zone.	22
3134014565	Chimu	regional Andean chiefdom that flourished from 800 to 1465 C.E.; fell to the Incas.	23
3134014566	Ayllu	households in Andean societies based on kinship; traced descent from a common, sometimes mythical, ancestor.	24
3134014567	Incas	Quechua-speaking peoples; originating in the area of Cuzco.	25
3134014568	Curacas	leaders of the Andean peoples; representatives of the ayllus.	26
3134014569	Huacas	spirits of Andean animism.	27