Biology 1010 Flashcards

5028752728	Biology is	the scientific study of life.	0
5028758863	Cells are	the basic units of life.	1
5028763501	Every organism, or living individual, consists of	one or more cells	2
5028769136	Cells use DNA to	produce proteins.	3
5028776883	All life shares five characteristics:	Organization Energy use Maintenance of internal constancy (Homeostasis) Reproduction, growth, and development Evolution	4
5028785609	An atom is	The smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance (element) and the smallest portion of an element Example: Carbon atom	5
5028793425	ORGANISM is	A single living individual. Example: One acacia tree	6
5028806800	Homeostasis is	the process by which a cell or organism maintains equilibrium. Example: Thermostat	7
5028825650	Reproduction is either	asexual or sexual	8
5028828925	Offspring of asexually reproducing organisms are	identical to their single parent. Example Strawberry Plants	9
5028842799	Offspring of sexually reproducing organisms receive	genetic material from two parents.	10
5028932832	Three Domains of Life	Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya	11
5028937515	Taxonomy	The biological science of naming and classifying organisms.	12
5028947626	Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are	prokaryotic and unicellular.	13
5028950793	Organisms in Domain Eukarya have	cells with nuclei.	14
5028971796	Matter is	any material that takes up space	15
5028974840	Elements are	Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances	16
5028980125	Bulk Elements are	elements which make up the majority of cells (C,H,O,N, +)	17
5028988216	Trace Elements are	elements required in small amounts (Fe, ZN)	18
5028998324	Protons are	positively charged particles; located in nucleus (center) of the atom	19
5029001218	Neutrons are	uncharged particles; located in the nucleus of the atom	20
5029005136	Electrons are	negatively charged particles; located in energy levels outside nucleus	21
5029042475	Atomic Number is the	number of protons in nucleus	22
5029060411	In a neutral atom the # of electrons ______ the # of protons	equal	23
5029067987	How many electrons can all three energy shells hold?	1st (closest) can hold 2 electrons 2nd can hold 8 electrons 3rd can hold 8 electrons =18	24
5029078774	The Valence shell is	an atom's outer-most energy shell	25
5029090420	A Molecule is	two or more atoms covalently bonded together	26
5029095799	A Compound is	two or more elemental materials united in a definite ratio	27
5029098766	Electronegativity is	an atom's ability to attract electrons	28
5029102496	An Ion is	charged atoms; have unequal numbers of electrons and protons	29
5029105094	An Isotope is	atom with same number of protons but different number of neutrons	30
5029114105	A Covalent Bond is	2 or more atoms share pairs of electrons to form molecules	31
5029117891	An Ionic Bond is	attraction between oppositely charged ions	32
5029130519	Polarity is	partial charges on molecules due to unequal sharing of electrons	33
5029134927	A Polar Covalent Bond is when	atoms share electrons unequally	34
5029137684	A Hydrogen Bond is what	forms when partial positive regions of one polar molecule are attracted to the partial negative regions of another polar molecule	35
5029164806	The 7 Properties of Water:	cohesion adhesion high surface tension resists temperature change water expands when frozen - solid (ice) less dense than liquid evaporative cooling solvent for many molecules, atoms, and ions	36
5029169678	Cohesion is	the sticking together of particles of the same substance.	37
5029169679	Adhesion	the action or process of adhering to a surface or object.	38
5029172474	Solvent	able to dissolve other substances.	39
5029174976	Solution	a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).	40
5029177478	Solute	the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.	41
5029177479	Hydrophilic	having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water. Loves Water.	42
5029180667	Hydrophobic	tending to repel or fail to mix with water. Hates Water.	43
5029182609	Evaporation	is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure.	44
5029190673	When liquid water begins to freeze, the molecules move	apart for maximum stability of their hydrogen bonds.	45
5029194026	Ice is ______ dense than liquid water	Less	46
5029198362	Three States of Water on Earth	Solid Liquid Gas	47
5029207478	Acid is	a substance that causes increase of H+ ions in a solution	48
5029210935	Base is	a substance which makes the concentration of OH- ions exceed the concentration of H+ ions	49
5029213823	Neutral is	a substance which contains as much H+ as it does OH-	50
5029216438	Buffer is	a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- ions in a solution. They help maintain a constant pH by consuming or releasing H+.	51
5029261240	Phosphate		52
5029271433	Amino		53
5029285695	Carboxyl		54
5029294445	Hydroxyl		55
5029298589	Aldehyde		56
5029311472	Ketone		57
5029317767	Sulfhydryl		58
5029326871	Methyl		59
5029333765	Functional Group is a	Group that attaches to one of more of the carbons [replaces H] and changes the molecule's chemical properties.	60
5029340573	When one or more functional groups are attached to the carbon skeleton	the nature and shape of the functional group determines most of the chemical behavior of the molecule	61
5029346787	A Functional Group is generally know as	the active site of the molecule	62
5029353687	Steroid		63
5029363124	Organic molecules are a	chemical compounds which contain carbon and hydrogen	64
5029365967	Monomers are	single subunits which make up large organic molecules	65
5029369378	Polymers are	long chain of monomer subunits linked together	66
5029372341	Macromolecules are	large molecules	67
5029372342	Carbohydrates are	organic molecules which consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in the proportion C1H2O1; composed of simple sugar (monosaccharide) subunits	68
5029378667	Lipids are	large organic molecules that typically do not dissolve in water	69
5029383788	Proteins are	polymers which consist of amino acid subunits	70
5029386201	Nucleic Acids are	polymers which consist of nucleotide subunits	71
5029389566	Dehydration (Condensation) synthesis is a	chemical reaction which joins monomers together with the removal of a water molecule	72
5029392448	Hydrolysis is a	chemical reaction which separates monomers by the addition of a water molecule	73
5029439679	Monosaccharides (simple sugars)	are the monomers of the carbohydrates.	74
5029450777	Glucose		75
5029458219	Monosaccharides (simple sugars) which contain	3 carbons are commonly called triose sugars 5 carbons pentose sugars 6 carbons hexose	76
5029466112	Disaccharides are	two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic bond (i.e., sucrose & lactose)	77
5029469164	A glycosidic bond is		78
5029476705	Polysaccharides are	long chains of carbohydrates.	79
5029483747	Cellulose	Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β linked D-glucose units	80
5029489815	Starch	Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as an energy store.	81
5029497202	Glycogen	Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body.	82
5029505958	Chitin	found in outside skeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi	83
5029508233	4 Roles of Carbohydrates:	Energy (fuel) source Storage Structure Protection	84
5029515714	Proteins have more	variable structures and functions than any of the other organic molecules.	85
5029518463	The monomers of proteins are	amino acids.	86
5029521796	All amino acids have the same general structure. They all contain	amino and carboxyl functional groups.	87
5029526037	The R group of amino acids is	variable	88
5029531995	Dehydration synthesis binds two amino acids, forming a	dipeptide	89
5029534685	A peptide bond connects	amino acids.	90
5029547271	Protein primary structure		91
5029552393	Protein secondary structure		92
5029560994	Protein tertiary structure		93
5029566902	Protein Quaternary structure		94
5029573421	The function of a protein depends on its	shape.	95
5029578128	If a protein becomes ________, its shape changes, there for its function changes.	denatured	96
5029579854	The 8 Roles of Proteins:	Energy (fuel) source Structure Catalytic Signaling/regulatory Contractile Transport Storage Protection/defense	97
5029588971	Nucleic acids include . These molecules contain genetic information	DNA and RNA	98
5029591006	Nucleic acids molecules contain	genetic information	99
5029593580	The monomers of nucleic acids are	nucleotides	100
5029596863	A nucleotide consists of a	Pentose sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous Base	101
5029608743	There are five types of nucleotides	adenine cytosine guanine uracil thymine	102
5029613469	Only DNA uses the nucleotide	thymine	103
5029613470	Only RNA uses the nucleotide	uracil	104
5029629339	Both DNA and RNA use these 3 nucleotides	adenine cytosine guanine	105
5029633364	There are two major groups of nitrogenous bases:	Pyrimidines and Purines	106
5029636416	The nucleotides of the Pyrimidines base	cytosine uracil thymine	107
5029636417	The nucleotides of the Purines base	adenine guanine	108
5029653440	The size of Pyrimidines are	Small	109
5029653441	The size of Purines are	Large	110
5029662418	The bond between the nucleotide monomers is called a	posphodiester bond.	111
5029662419	Role of Nucleic Acids	Storage and use of genetic information	112
5029668697	4 Lipid Types	Triglycerides Steroids Waxes Phospholipids	113
5029673430	Unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, lipids are NOT	built from chains of monomers.	114
5029679346	Dehydration synthesis links 3 fatty acids to a glycerol molecule, forming a .	triglyceride	115
5029682948	All carbons of a saturated fatty acid are	bonded to four other atoms. They are saturated	116
5029689540	Naturally occurring unsaturated fats that have kinks.	Cis Fats	117
5029696081	Trans fats have double bonds, like unsaturated fats, but remain straight. They therefore are	solid at room temperature.	118
5029704295	Cholesterol is in	is in animal cell membranes; also, several hormones are derived from cholesterol.	119
5029710077	Phospholipids are an important component of the	cell membrane.	120
5029712607	Phospholipids have a	polar (hydrophilic) head and two nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails.	121
5029719888	The 7 Roles of Lipids	Energy (fuel) source Long-term storage of energy Cell membrane structure Protection Insulation Cushioning Signaling	122