AP Unit 11 - Thinking, Language, Intelligence, & Stats Flashcards

4216185351	cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
4216187949	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
4216187950	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	2
4216298970	algorithm	A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.	3
4216298971	heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	4
4216298972	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	5
4216339428	Wolfgang Kohler	attempted to prove that animals arrive at a solution through insight rather than trial and error.	6
4216300148	creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	7
4216301709	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	8
4216309106	fixation	According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	9
4216309107	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	10
4216310731	functional fixedness	The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	11
4216312667	representativeness heuristic	Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.	12
3990843335	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	13
4216314459	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	14
4216314460	belief perserveance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	15
4216315663	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	16
4216315664	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	17
4216317764	language	Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	18
4216317765	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	19
4216318847	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	20
4216318848	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	21
4216318849	semantics	The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.	22
4216318870	syntax	The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	23
4216320919	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	24
4216320920	productive language	ability to produce words	25
4216321994	receptive language	ability to understand what is being said	26
4216324368	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	27
4216324369	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	28
4216324370	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	29
4216326766	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	30
4216344983	Benjamin Whorf	coined the termonlogy linguistic determination - language determines the way we think	31
4216328195	overgeneralization	applying grammar rules in areas they don't apply ("I writed a story"; goed; comed)	32
4216349729	nativist theory of language aquisition	Chompsky's idea that language is developed through innate biological mechanisms; emphasizes that humans have a language acquisition device system	33
4216353578	language acquisition device	Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally	34
4216356132	Noam Chompsky	Developed the nativist theory of language acquisition	35
4216333886	intelligence test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.	36
4216333887	intelligence	Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.	37
4216335297	general intelligence	a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.	38
4216335298	factor analysis	A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.	39
4216337519	savant syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.	40
4216365500	Charles Spearman	found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)	41
4216367596	Howard Gardner	devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic	42
4216368655	multiple intelligences	developed by Howard Gardner included: mathematical/logical linguistic musical interpersonal intrapersonal spatial kinesthetic naturalist	43
4216383522	Robert Sternberg's 3 intelligences	analytical, creative, practical	44
4216387081	mental age	a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance	45
4216387082	Alfred Binet	pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help (French)	46
4216391147	Lewis Terman	revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children (Stanford-Binet Test) tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime	47
4216397510	Stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test	48
4216397528	intelligence quotient (IQ)	defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence test, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.	49
4216520571	Flynn effect	The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations	50
4216399130	achievement tests	tests designed to assess what a person has learned.	51
4216399131	aptitude tests	tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn	52
4216401650	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)	the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests	53
4216405151	Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)	an intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing	54
4216414223	Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)	Individual intelligence test for children ages 2 1/2 to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score	55
4216424334	standardization	defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group	56
4216424335	normal curve	the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.	57
4216426362	reliability	The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting	58
4216426363	validity	The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.	59
4216426364	content validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest	60
4216427714	predictive validity	The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.	61
4216431140	intellectual disability	(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.	62
4216431141	Down syndrome	a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.	63
4216438411	stereotype threat	a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype	64
4216438412	measures of central tendency	mean, median, mode	65
4216440218	mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. Sensitive to extreme scores. Should NOT be focused on in a skewed distribution	66
4216440219	median	The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. Better stat to look at if there is a skewed distribution	67
4216440220	mode	The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.	68
4216440221	range	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.	69
4216441188	standard deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	70
4216441965	statistical significance	a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	71
4231489338	positively skewed	When a distribution includes an extreme score that is very high Better to use median rather than mean	72
4231494187	negatively skewed	when a distribution has an extreme score that is very low Better to use median rather than mean	73