Chapter 25-26 AP World History Vocab Flashcards

6053195532	Toussaint L'Overture	leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804	0
6053197803	Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed	1
6053198511	Augustin de iturbide	Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824	2
6053199105	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia	3
6053199106	Gran Columbia	independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1803, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations	4
6053199881	Pedro I	son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil	5
6053199882	Caudillos	independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of latin america.	6
6053200561	Centralists	latin american politicians who wished to create a strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives	7
6053200562	Federalists	Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals	8
6053201375	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.	9
6053201376	Positivism	French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence	10
6053202822	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)	11
6053204248	Manifest Destiny	belief of the government of the US that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to the annexation of Texas from the Mexican-American War	12
6053204249	Mexican-American War	War from 1846-1848 leading to a loss of nearly half of Mexico's territory to the U.S	13
6053206156	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	The Agreement ending the Mexican-American war; resulted in the loss of texas and California to the U.S, left a widespread American distrust of Latin America	14
6053206766	Benito Juarez	Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and est of Mexico under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872	15
6053207514	Maximilian von Habsburg	Proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.	16
6053208737	Argentine Republic	Replaced the state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of the compromise between the centralist and federalist	17
6053209527	Fazendas	Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery.	18
6053210652	Modernization Theory	A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations	19
6053210653	Dependency Theory	A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones.	20
6053211982	Porfirio Diaz	Dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants. Had power 1876-1911	21
6053213010	Cientificos	Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization.	22
6053213011	Spanish-American War	War fought between Spain and the U.S in 1898; Centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines	23
6053213869	Panama Canal	An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914	24
6053213870	Selim III	sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807	25
6053214821	Mahmud II	(1785-1839) Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents	26
6053214822	Tanzimat Reforms	Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876	27
6053216950	Abdul Hamid	Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908	28
6053216951	Ottoman Society for Union and Progress	Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called the "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution.	29
6053218147	Mamluks	Turkic military slaves who formed part of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries; they founded their own state in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries	30
6053218148	Murad	(1790-1820) Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.	31
6053219545	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died 1848	32
6053219546	Khedives	Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.	33
6053220442	Suez Canal	Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment	34
6053220443	Mahdi	In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan	35
6053220444	Nurachi	(1559-1626) Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing.	36
6053221304	Banner Armies	Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.	37
6053221305	Kangxi	Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus	38
6053223116	compradors	Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world	39
6053223117	Lin Zexu	(1785-1850) Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War	40
6053223875	Opium war	Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade	41
6053225734	Taiping Rebellion	Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry	42
6053225735	Cixi	Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners.	43
6053226367	Boxer Rebellion	popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of chinese enhanced control by europeans and the power of provincial officials	44
6053226368	Sun Yat-Sen	Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925	45
6053228242	Puyi	Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912	46