AP Biology: Core Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 6934295170 | Control group/experiment | in an experiment the setup that provides a basis of comparison is a | 0 | |
| 6934295171 | Controlled variables | All those things that must be kept the same during the investigation to produce a valid, fair test. | 1 | |
| 6934295172 | Independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. | 2 | |
| 6934295173 | Dependent variable | The experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | 3 | |
| 6934295174 | Acid | A species that is a proton donor; A compound that produces hydrogen ions in a solution | 4 | |
| 6934295175 | Base | A proton acceptor; A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. | 5 | |
| 6934295176 | pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 | 6 | |
| 6934295177 | Buffer | A chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions | 7 | |
| 6934295178 | Covalent bond | A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule | 8 | |
| 6934295179 | Electronegativity | Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond. | 9 | |
| 6934295180 | Hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. | 10 | |
| 6934295181 | Polarity | Uneven distribution of electrical charge within the molecule | 11 | |
| 6934295182 | Hydrogen ion | a positively charged ion (H+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron; a proton | 12 | |
| 6934295183 | Hydrophilic | Attracted to water; Soluble in water. Either polar or ionic. | 13 | |
| 6934295184 | Hydrophobic | "Water-fearing"; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve in water. | 14 | |
| 6934295185 | Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons; A positively or negatively charged atom | 15 | |
| 6934295186 | Ionic bond | The attraction between oppositely charged ions. | 16 | |
| 6934295187 | Nonpolar covalent bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. |  | 17 |
| 6934295188 | Polar covalent bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. | 18 | |
| 6934295189 | Surface tension | created by attractive cohesive forces between molecules of a liquid; prevents molecules from separating at the surface | 19 | |
| 6934295190 | ADP | adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups |  | 20 |
| 6934295191 | ATP | A nucleotide composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups; releases energy when hydrolyzed to ADP; used to store and transport energy needed for biochemical reactions. | 21 | |
| 6934295192 | Carbohydrates | "Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)" | 22 | |
| 6934295193 | Cellulose | A substance (made of sugars) that is found in the cell walls of plants | 23 | |
| 6934295194 | Chaperone protein | Proteins that help other proteins fold properly | 24 | |
| 6934295195 | Complementary base pairing | Hydrogen bonding between particular pyrimidines and purines. Adenine & Thymine. Cytosine & Guanine. | 25 | |
| 6934295196 | Dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |  | 26 |
| 6934295197 | Denature | To change the shape of a protein and render it ineffective. | 27 | |
| 6934295198 | DNA | A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. | 28 | |
| 6934295199 | Enzyme | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing; -ase; biological catalyst; decreases activation energy of a reaction. | 29 | |
| 6934295200 | Lipid | Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. | 30 | |
| 6934295201 | Protein | An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells | 31 | |
| 6934295202 | Glucose | A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates | 32 | |
| 6934295203 | Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 33 | |
| 6934295204 | Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. | 34 | |
| 6934295205 | Hemoglobin | Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and transports it to the body | 35 | |
| 6934295206 | Hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water |  | 36 |
| 6934295207 | Myoglobin | An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. | 37 | |
| 6934295208 | Nucleotide | A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. | 38 | |
| 6934295209 | Peptide bond | The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |  | 39 |
| 6934295210 | Phospholipid | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. |  | 40 |
| 6934295211 | Prion | Small infectious protein that causes rare, fatal degenerative diseases of nervous system | 41 | |
| 6934295212 | Deoxyribose | A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides |  | 42 |
| 6934295213 | Ribose | A five-carbon sugar present in RNA |  | 43 |
| 6934295214 | RNA | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. | 44 | |
| 6934295215 | Steroid | Lipids that act as chemical messengers; A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. |  | 45 |
| 6934295216 | Saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton. |  | 46 |
| 6934295217 | Unsaturated fatty acid | A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |  | 47 |
| 6934295218 | Cell wall | A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to cell | 48 | |
| 6934295219 | Vacuole | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates | 49 | |
| 6934295220 | Centriole | Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division | 50 | |
| 6934295221 | Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant cells and the cells of other eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms where photosynthesis occurs. | 51 | |
| 6934295222 | Chromatin | Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones | 52 | |
| 6934295223 | Chromosome | A tightly wound bundle of DNA | 53 | |
| 6934295224 | Cyanobacteria | Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae). | 54 | |
| 6934295225 | Cytoplasm/cytosol | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended | 55 | |
| 6934295226 | Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement | 56 | |
| 6934295227 | Endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. | 57 | |
| 6934295228 | Endosymbiotic theory | a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes |  | 58 |
| 6934295229 | Eukaryotes | Organisms whose cells contain a membrane bound nucleus and other organelles | 59 | |
| 6934295230 | Prokaryotes | Cells that do not contain nuclei; Bacteria | 60 | |
| 6934295231 | Golgi apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. | 61 | |
| 6934295232 | Lysosome | A small round cell structure that contains chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones | 62 | |
| 6934295233 | Plasma membrane | A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells | 63 | |
| 6934295234 | Ribosome | site of protein synthesis; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits. | 64 | |
| 6934295235 | Rough ER | A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. | 65 | |
| 6934295236 | Vesicles | transport sac made of membrane inside of cells | 66 | |
| 6934295237 | Smooth ER | Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells). | 67 | |
| 6934295238 | Organelle | A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell | 68 |