AP Psychology Learning Flashcards

5528668395	Learning	Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience	0
5528668396	Associative Learning	Defined: learning by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening	1
5528668398	Pavlov, Ivan	Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning	2
5528668399	Watson, John B	Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory, shows emotional responses can be conditioned, demonstrates generalization.	3
5528668401	Skinner, B.F.	Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioning	4
5528668402	Bandura, Albert	Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory, Bobo Doll experiment	5
5528668403	Thorndike, Edward	Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory	6
5528668404	Garcia, John	Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory	7
5528668405	Seligman, Martin	Contribution: Used dogs to demonstrates the significance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Learned Helplessness" theory	8
5528668406	Tolman, Edward	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory	9
5528668407	Pavlov's Dogs	First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning	10
5528668408	Little Albert	First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"	11
5528668409	Classical Conditioning	Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together to produce unavoidable physical reactions. UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR	12
5528668410	Behaviorism	Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.	13
5528668411	Unconditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise"	14
5528668412	Unconditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"	15
5528668413	Conditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse"	16
5528668414	Conditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying" because of the white rat	17
5528668415	Neutral Stimulus	does not caused an unconditioned response but eventually becomes the Conditioned Stimulus	18
5528668417	Extinction	Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS. (I go for years never being bit again by a chihuahua and I find I no longer panic when I am near one) Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished	19
5528668418	Spontaneous Recovery	Classical Conditioning: When a previous conditioned response returns after it has been extinguished. (After years of being ok near dogs, suddenly you begin to panic once more.) Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction.	20
5528668419	Stimulus Generalization	Classical Conditioning: When the conditioned response spreads and is prompted by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of anything that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Operantly Conditioned to not curse at home so you also don't curse at school)	21
5528668420	Stimulus Discrimination	Classical Conditioning: the conditioned response is only prompted by the conditioned stimulus. (Example: I am only afraid of chihuahuas because I was bit by one. I am not afraid of labs or retrievers or Morkies.) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable there but not at school where it isn't acceptable)	22
5528668422	Taste Aversions	Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. (Me and Hibachi) Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning because it only takes one pairing.	23
5528668423	Learned Helplessness	Defined: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive (bad) events produces passive behavior Study: Seligman delivering shocks to dogs Example: If a student consistently fails math, they may start to give up or a sports team that consistently loses may start to believe they can't win	24
5528668425	Biological Preparedness	Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger	25
5528668426	Operant conditioning	Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences	26
5528668427	Law of Effect	Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again	27
5528668428	Skinner Box	Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward	28
5528668429	Positive Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school	29
5528668430	Negative Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache	30
5528668431	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.	31
5528668432	Secondary Reinforcers	Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that they are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.	32
5528668435	Punishment by Application/Positive Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling	33
5528668436	Punishment by Removal/Negative Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: No phone for a week	34
5528668438	Shaping	Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior to teach a new behavior	35
5528668440	Superstitious Behavior	Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.	36
5528668441	Continuous Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: every single time a child pees on the toilet, they get an M&M` Significance: quickly learned, but quickly lost.	37
5528668442	Partial Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When a random behavior is reinforced Example: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval Significance: best for "maintaining" a behavior	38
5528668443	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	Defined: reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made	39
5528668444	Variable-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine- how many pulls before I hit it rich varies	40
5528668445	Fixed-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: being paid every two weeks	41
5528668446	Variable-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class	42
5528668447	Latent Learning	Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats had learned the maze by wandering around, but only demonstrated it when he gave them cheese.	43
5528668448	Cognitive Maps	Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze	44
5528668450	Insight Learning	Defined: suddenly knowing the solution to the problem Example: When taking a test and the previous answer comes to you without effort, an "aha" moment	45
5528668453	Observational Learning	Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study	46
5528668454	BoBo Doll Study	Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning"	47
5528668455	Mirror Neurons	Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious	48