AP Biology - Basic Chemistry Flashcards
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| 5370306455 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. It releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group. |  | 0 |
| 5370306457 | Structure of an Atom | Consists of mostly empty space; Protons (+) and neutrons (0) make up the tiny, dense nucleus. Electrons (-) exist in orbitals at various energy levels surrounding the nucleus. The electrons involved in forming chemical bonds occupy the outermost energy level (AKA the valence shell) |  | 1 |
| 5370306458 | Ion | An atom with a positive or negative electric charge |  | 2 |
| 5370306459 | Cation | An atom that lost electrons and therefore has a positive charge. |  | 3 |
| 5370306460 | Anion | An atom that gained electrons and therefore has a negative charge. | | 4 |
| 5370306461 | Element | Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties; a pure substance made of only one kind of atom |  | 5 |
| 5370306463 | Radioisotope | Heavier isotopes of certain atoms that become unstable and begin to decompose. Radioactive decay involves the ejection of particles from the nucleus that may cause damage to living cells; These are used in very small amounts to tag biological molecules so they can be followed or traced through the body and used as a tool for medical diagnosis and treatment. |  | 6 |
| 5370306466 | Polar molecule | A molecule that has a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other due to an imbalance in the way electrons are shared between its atoms. |  | 7 |
| 5370306467 | Nonpolar molecule | A molecule that does not have oppositely charged ends because its atoms share electrons equally. | | 8 |
| 5370306468 | Chemical reaction | A process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed, producing one or more new substances. |  | 9 |
| 5370306469 | Reactants | Substances that enters into a chemical reaction |  | 10 |
| 5370306470 | Products | Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction |  | 11 |
| 5370306471 | Ionic Bond | A bond formed by the complete transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another. The resulting charged atoms, or ions, are oppositely charged and thus attract each other |  | 12 |
| 5370306472 | Covalent Bond | A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms |  | 13 |
| 5370306473 | Hydrogen Bond | A bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule; relatively weak |  | 14 |
| 5370306481 | Solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances |  | 15 |
| 5370306482 | Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |  | 16 |
| 5370306483 | Solution | A homogenous mixture that forms when one substance (the solvent) dissolves another (the solute). |  | 17 |
| 5370306487 | Electrolytes | These substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles (ions). The solution is then capable of conducting an electric current. |  | 18 |
| 5370306488 | Acid | Electrolytes that release H+ ions in an aqueous solution; proton donors |  | 19 |
| 5370306489 | Base | Electrolytes that produce OH- ions in an aqueous solution; proton acceptors |  | 20 |
| 5370306490 | Salt | Any ionic compound that can be made from the neutralization of an acid with a base |  | 21 |
| 5370306491 | PH Scale | Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14. 0 is most acidic + and 14 is most basic + or alkaline. |  | 22 |
| 5370306492 | Buffer | A substance that prevents large pH changes in solution to which small quantities of acids or bases are added; stabilizes pH by absorbing or releasing H+ ions as needed |  | 23 |