AP Biology Cell Unit Flashcards

5309849320	Robert Hooke	FIrst to see the cell wall of a dead cells and coined the term "cell"	0
5309858755	Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek	First to see living cells	1
5309861695	Light Microscope (LM)	Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses to refract light to magnify the image	2
5309888698	Electron Microscope (EM)	Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface	3
5309893014	Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	Beam excites electrons on the surface of the sample, which is coated with a thin film of gold, to create a three-dimensional image	4
5309912061	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)	Electron beam is passed through a thin layer of heavy metal stained tissue and absorbed differently by the specimen to see internal structures	5
5309927444	Cell Fractionation	Separation of cellular structures by centrifugation	6
5311000134	Nucleus	A membrane‐bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity of the genetic material and, through the expression of that material, controlling and regulating cellular activities.	7
5311000135	Nuclear Envelope	Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.	8
5311001642	Nuclear Lamina	A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.	9
5311001643	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	10
5311001644	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	11
5311003182	Nucleolus	A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes	12
5311003183	Ribosomes	A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.	13
5311006148	Nuclear Pore	Structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm	14
5312415798	Endomembrane System	A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.	15
5312415799	Vesicles	A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell	16
5312417382	Endoplasmic Reticulum	A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.	17
5312417383	Smooth ER	Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells).	18
5312417384	Rough ER	A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.	19
5312418767	Glycoproteins	Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.	20
5312418768	Golgi Apparatus	An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.	21
5312420346	Lysosome	A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.	22
5312420347	Phagocytosis	The non-specific uptake of solid material by a cell accomplished by englufing the particle with plasma membrane and drawing it into the cell.	23
5312422453	Vacuoles	Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	24
5312423995	Mitochondria	An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP	25
5312423996	Chloroplast	Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	26
5312423997	Endosymbiont Theory	The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.	27
5312426103	Cristae	Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.	28
5312426104	Mitochondrial Matrix	The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.	29
5312427591	Thylakoids	A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy.	30
5312427592	Granum	A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast	31
5312427593	Stroma	The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.	32
5312427594	Plastids	A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.	33
5312429199	Peroxisome	A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.	34
5312429200	Cytoskeleton	A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	35
5312431369	Motor Proteins	A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.	36
5312431370	Microtubules	A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.	37
5312432212	Centerosome	Condensed genetic material (chromatin) that is present during mitosis	38
5312432213	Centrioles	A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.	39
5312433065	Flagella	A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.	40
5312433066	CIlia	The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner	41
5312435022	Primary Cilium	Cilium that acts as a signal-receiving "antenna" for the cell	42
5312435023	Basal Body	The structure just beneath the cell surface to which microtubules are anchored	43
5312436416	Dyneins	motor proteins responsible for bending movements of cilium and flagellum, composed of several polypeptides	44
5312437697	Microfilaments	Made of the protein actin and help support the shape of the cell. They enable animal cells to form a cleavage furrow during cell division or the amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods.	45
5312437698	Actin	A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.	46
5312437699	Myosin	A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber	47
5312439412	Pseudopodia	A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food	48
5312441051	Intermediate Filaments	Cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter in between that of the microtubule and the microfilament. Intermediate filaments are composed of many different proteins and tend to play structural roles in cells.	49
5312441052	Cell Wall	a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose.	50
5312442337	Fibronectin	A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix.	51
5312442338	Integrins	proteins in plasma membrane that connect both to extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton of animal cells.	52
5312444594	Plasmodesmata	An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells	53
5312445497	Gap Junctions	Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.	54
5312445498	Desmosomes	Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments	55
5312447683	TIght Junctions	Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid	56