Chapter 16 AP World History Flashcards

5481753023	Protestant Reformation	• Europe, 16th century -Christian reform movement led by Martin Luther that challenged the religious and political authority of the Catholic church • Kings questioned Church's political authority, altering political landscape of Europe • Created a lasting schism between Catholics and Protestants (such as Thirty Years' War) • Reformation provoked Catholic counter-reformation	0
5481753024	Thirty Years' War	Europe, 1618-1648 -War between Catholics and Protestants that ended Catholic unity in Europe • Clear example of extent of divisions within the Christian world • State rivalry hindered efforts at state expansion • Shows that the lack of unity among European states was often a liability to the expansion and power of those states	1
5481754481	Catholic Counter-Reformation	Europe, mid-16th century •Reform movement in the Catholic church that reaffirmed basic Catholic principles • Caused Church to correct some abuses that led to Reformation • Catholic Church reaffirmed religious doctrine that Protestants rejected, setting up schism between the two versions of the faith • Created the influential Jesuit missionary order	2
5481755629	Jesuits in China	China, 16th-17th centuries •Catholics who led the missionary effort in China • Strategy of conversion shows strength of China compared with the Americas • Relatively few conversions- little impact on Chinese religious life • Shows importance of knowledge of science and technology- gave Jesuits favor in Chinese court	3
5481755630	Wahhabi Islam	•Conservative Islamic reform movement that sought to return believers to basic principles of the faith • Compare to debates within world of Christianity • Led to increased centralization of Arabian peninsula (under Muhammad Ibn Saud) • Creation of state of Saudi Arabia	4
5481758391	Neo-Confucianism	East Asia (China), 14th-17th centuries •Chinese philosophy that blended Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism • Attempt at Ming dynasty rulers to reassert traditional Chinese values • Saw some resistance from thinkers who objected to the inflexibility of Confucian thought	5
5481759171	Kaozheng	East Asia (China), early 17th century • Reform movement that rejected traditional Confucianism, emphasizing research and factual knowledge • Compare to European Enlightenment • Evidence and reason provide answers • Mainly influenced elites of China	6
5481759172	Sikhism	South Asia (India), beginning late 15th century •New Indian religious tradition that sought to combine Islam and Hinduism in a single belief system • Challenged Hindu caste system • Challenge to authority of both Hindu and Muslim religious and political structures • Military skills valued by British upon takeover of India in late 18th century	7
5481760021	Scientific Revolution	Europe, mid-16th - 18th centuries • European scientific movement that emphasized experimentation and reason • Challenged teachings of Catholic church and authority of political rulers in Europe • Formed the basis of modern philosophy in many parts of the world, especially the west	8
5481760022	Isaac Newton	Europe (England), late 17th century • Scientist and mathematician who formulated modern laws of motion and mechanics • "Mechanistic" view of universe changed European philosophy • Created unifying theory of gravitation, explaining much in the world that had been explained by faith • Embodied the changes of the Scientific Revolution	9
5481760770	European Enlightment	Europe, 18th century •Political movement that extended the ideas of the Scientific Revolution, applying them to human society • Challenged authority of divine right kings • Would inspire political revolutions beginning in late 18th century (America, France, Haiti, Americas)	10
5481760771	Voltaire	Europe (France), 18th century • French philosopher who challenged authoritarian thinking-belief in deism as explanation for role of God. • Saw Confucianism as a superior social organization-rejected aristocratic, hereditary political structures of European monarchies. • Influenced revolutionaries in France and America to overthrow political rulers.	11