AP World History Chapter 7 Flashcards

5182072597	Bedouin	Nomadic Pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula; Culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	0
5182075777	Shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	1
5182078303	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; Founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh;site of Kab'ba; original home of Muhammed; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam	2
5182084893	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam	3
5182087593	Quraysh	Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century CE	4
5182089367	Kabba	Most revered religious shrine in pre Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	5
5182095607	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca(hijra)	6
5182101825	Allah	The Arab term for the high god in pre Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith	7
5182106220	Sasanian Empires	the dynasty that ruled Persia(contemporary Iran) inn the centuries before the rise of Muhammad and the early decades of Islamic expansion	8
5182114512	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632	9
5182121253	Khadijah	First wife of the prophet Muhammad who had worked for her as a trader	10
5182122624	Quran	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	11
5182125042	Ali	(c. 599-661) Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shia	12
5182127404	umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	13
5182131072	zakat	Tax for charity;obligatory for all Muslims	14
5182134096	five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	15
5182136071	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	16
5182139869	hajj	A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Kabba	17
5182146233	caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad	18
5182147369	Abu Bakr	The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community	19
5182154431	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed MUhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets nand some larger clans; restored unity of ISlam	20
5182158234	jihads	Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding	21
5182162049	Copts	Christian section of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule	22
5182164741	Nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions	23
5182167916	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	24
5182173490	Battle of Siggin	fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	25
5182177768	Mu'awiya	(602-680) Leader of Umayyad clan, first Umayyad caliph following civil war with ALi	26
5182181413	Sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam, supported the Umayyads	27
5182182527	Shi'a	AKA Shiites; political and theological division withing ISlam' followers of Ali	28
5182184982	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shia resistance to Umayyad caliphate	29
5182188249	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	30
5182189550	mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	31
5182190433	jizya	Head tax paid by all non believers in Islamic territories	32
5182191501	dhimmi	Literally "people of the book', applied as inclusive terms to JEws and Christians in Islamic territories, later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	33
5182195927	hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	34
5182197198	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within ISlam,. came to power in 750 CE	35
5182200144	Battle of the River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	36
5182203834	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	37
5182206636	wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	38
5182209556	dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	39
5182212692	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	40