AP Comparative Government: Iran Flashcards
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| 6439259584 | hostile | The middle class in Iran is culturally westernized and often _____ to the clergy. | 0 | |
| 6439259585 | supreme leader | In Iran, the head of the judiciary is appointed by the _____ _____. | 1 | |
| 6439259586 | Iran | ____ and China share this institutional arrangement: A national assembly with only limited powers to oversee the executive and enact laws. | 2 | |
| 6439259587 | veto | The Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader have ____ power over legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis/Legislature) | 3 | |
| 6439259588 | clerics | In Iran, the concept of jurist guardianship states that senior _____ have authority over the entire community. | 4 | |
| 6439259589 | nonviolent | Best characterizes the Iranian Revolution: A short, relatively _____ upheaval supported by the middle class | 5 | |
| 6439259590 | theocracy | a state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law. | 6 | |
| 6439259591 | sharia | Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad. | 7 | |
| 6439259592 | Mahmoud Ahmadinejad | President of Iran from 2005-2013 (background in higher ed/local govt. instead of theology - he emphasized social justice, religious piety, and confrontation with the West) |  | 8 |
| 6439259593 | Ashura | The most important Shia religious holiday, commemorating the death of Hussein, the grandson of the prophet Muhammad | 9 | |
| 6439259594 | Assembly of Experts | Elected body of 86 members that chooses the supreme leader (men/Islamic scholars) (8 yr terms) (difficult to say how powerful a role this body will play once Khamenei passes away) | 10 | |
| 6439259595 | ayatollah | In Shiite Islam, a title in the religious hierarchy achieved by scholars who have demonstrated highly advanced knowledge of Islamic law and religion | 11 | |
| 6439259596 | Basij | "People's militia," which serves as a public morals police (boys who fought against Iraq...) | 12 | |
| 6439259597 | bonyads | Parastatal foundations made in part from assets nationalized after the Iranian Revolution | 13 | |
| 6439259598 | chief justice | Head of the judiciary | 14 | |
| 6439259599 | Expediency Council | Appointed body that mediates between the Majlis and the Guardian Council over legislative disputes | 15 | |
| 6439259600 | Farsi | Language of Iran: | 16 | |
| 6439259601 | Guardian Council | Appointed body that vets candidates for office and can overturn legislation (limits Majlis) (12 members/6yr terms) (6 lawyers nominated by chief justice and by Majlis, and 6 clerics appointed by supreme leader) | 17 | |
| 6439259602 | Imams | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad considered by Shia to be true political and religious leaders of Islam | 18 | |
| 6439259603 | Iran-Iraq War | The 1980-88 conflict between the two countries, started by Iraq | 19 | |
| 6439259604 | Islamic Republic of Iran | Name for post-revolutionary Iran: | 20 | |
| 6439259605 | Islamism (or Islamic fundamentalism) | The belief that Islam should be the source of the political regime: | 21 | |
| 6439259606 | Khamenei, Ali | Current supreme leader of Iran, as of 1989: |  | 22 |
| 6439259607 | Khatami, Mohammad | President of Iran from 1997 to 2005 |  | 23 |
| 6439259608 | Khomeini, Ruhollah | First supreme leader of Iran, from 1980 to his death in 1989 |  | 24 |
| 6439259609 | Mahdi | In Shiism, a term for the "hidden imam," the descendant of Muhammad who will to return to earth to usher in a new age | 25 | |
| 6439259610 | Majlis | Legislature of Iran: | 26 | |
| 6439259611 | Mosaddeq, Mohammad | Prime Minister of Iran; deposed in 1953 by Operation Ajax |  | 27 |
| 6439259612 | National Front | Political party in Iran following WWII; it opposed the monarchy and favored greater Iranian control over natural resources; outlawed after Operation Ajax | 28 | |
| 6439259613 | Operation Ajax | U.S.-and UK-backed overthrow of Iranian prime minister Mosaddeq in 1953: | 29 | |
| 6439259614 | Pahlavi, Reza Shah | Monarch of Iran from 1925 to 1941 |  | 30 |
| 6439259615 | Persia | Name for Iran before 1935 | 31 | |
| 6439259616 | quietist | Description of view within Shiism that rejects theocracy and the direct role of religion in the state | 32 | |
| 6439259617 | Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi | President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, current head of the Expediency Council (rival to Khameinei) |  | 33 |
| 6439259618 | Revolutionary Guard | Paramilitary force charged with defending the regime from domestic and internal enemies | 34 | |
| 6439259619 | SAVAK | Secret police of pre-revolutionary Iran (the Shah) | 35 | |
| 6439259620 | Second Khordad Front | Reformist party that emerged in Iran to contest 2000 Majlis elections (reformist coalition with Khatami...not very powerful due to conservatives in Guardian Council etc.) | 36 | |
| 6439259621 | Shiism | Minority sect of Islam that differs with Sunnism over the proper descendants of the prophet Muhammad (the Mahdi will come) | 37 | |
| 6439259622 | supreme leader | Chief spiritual and political leader of Iran | 38 | |
| 6439259623 | theocracy | Rule by religion or religious leaders | 39 | |
| 6439259624 | ummah | Literally, "community"; meant to refer to nation or Islamic community everywhere (Supreme leader policy) | 40 | |
| 6439259625 | Rule by Islamic jurists; also, Islamic Republic's political system, which places power in the hands of clerics | velayat-e faqih | 41 | |
| 6439259626 | White Revolution | Policy of reforms enacted by Reza Shah, beginning in 1963, to rapidly modernize and Westernize Iran | 42 | |
| 6439259627 | government | The supreme leader functions as a powerful head of state, while the president is more akin to a head of _____. | 43 | |
| 6439259628 | Single-member and multi-member district majoriy | Electoral system for lower house: | 44 | |
| 6439259629 | Ostan | Main geographic features (provinces): | 45 | |
| 6439259630 | supreme court | Chief judicial body: | 46 | |
| 6439259631 | chief justice | The apex of the judiciary: a single figure qualified in Sharia law (cleric) and appointed by the supreme leader. Appoints/removes judges. | 47 | |
| 6439259632 | moharebeh | "rebellion against God" | 48 | |
| 6439259633 | half | Iran's population is young, with nearly ___ the population less than 30 yrs old. | 49 | |
| 6439259634 | NOT | The supreme leader is __ democratically elected | 50 | |
| 6439259635 | NOT | The Shah did ___ expand the Majlis (parliament) | 51 | |
| 6439259636 | abstained | Why was one reason Mahmoud Ahmadinejad win the 2005 elections? (reformers were split and some even ___ from voting) | 52 | |
| 6439259637 | reform, dialogue | What were some reasons Muhammad Khatami won the 1997 elections? (He ran on a liberal ticket promising to ___ the economy, establish a "____ of civilizations" with the west) | 53 | |
| 6439259638 | The Iranian constitution basically stated that that document could not be changed until judgement day or when the new messiah appeared, yet if the Majles obtains 2/3 of the votes, they are allowed to make an alteration to the constitution. | What was written in the Iranian constitution different from others and yet is not a reality? | 54 | |
| 6439259639 | religious | A distinguishing political feature of Shiism is the formally trained ____ hierarchy. | 55 | |
| 6439259640 | non-Arab | The adoption of Shiism by most Iranian Muslims was in part a reflection of the _____ composition of the population. | 56 | |
| 6439259641 | highest | The poverty rate in Iran is one of the ____ in the Middle East. | 57 | |
| 6439259642 | rulers | A still powerful political legacy of ancient Iran is the notion that ____ should be just and fair. | 58 | |
| 6439259643 | elite | At the beginning of the 20th century, opposition to the authoritarian Qajar Dynasty came from the educated _____. | 59 | |
| 6439259644 | rule of law | The 1905 Constitutional Revolution created a short-lived regime governed by the ___ _ ___. | 60 | |
| 6439259645 | soldier | The Pahlavi Dynasty was founded by an ambitious ____ trained by the Russian Army. | 61 | |
| 6439259646 | education | A major emphasis of the Pahlavi shahs was building a public _____ system. | 62 | |
| 6439259647 | partying | The second Pahlavi shah prepared for kingship by ___ in Western European cities | 63 | |
| 6439259648 | nationalizing | Mossadeq's reforms in the early 1950's centered on ____ the oil industry. | 64 | |
| 6439259649 | communists (!) | The US-sponsored coup that overthrew Mossadeq and put the shah back in power was organized by the CIA because some of Mossadeq's support came from Iranian _____. | 65 | |
| 6439259650 | clerical | Ironically, Ayatollah Khomeini first gained prominence as a Muslim scholar who argued against ___ involvement in politics | 66 | |
| 6439259651 | Tehran | Land reform during the White Revolution resulted in massive migration of poor peasants to ____. | 67 | |
| 6439259652 | outside | One of the policy decisions that motivated opposition to the 2nd Pahlavi shah was to assassinate regime opponents ____ of iran | 68 | |
| 6439259653 | secularize | Reza Khan sought to _____ the Iranian educational system | 69 | |
| 6439259654 | confiscation | The purges that followed the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran included the _____ of industrial property for Muslim charitable foundations. | 70 | |
| 6439259655 | Khomeini | When Iranian students occupied the American embassy and held Americans hostage, _____ used the crisis to install his hard line supporters in nearly all positions of authority. | 71 | |
| 6439259656 | religion | The Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) resulted in part from Iranian policies about the role of _____ in the state. | 72 | |
| 6439259657 | pragmatic | Rafsanjani's first terms as president (1989-1997) were marked by _____ economic reforms. | 73 | |
| 6439259658 | disqualified | The apparent moderation trend under President Khatami (1997-2005) came to an end when more than 2500 legislative candidates were _____ in 2003. | 74 | |
| 6439259659 | strong, weak | The diversity of Iranian political culture is represented in a ____ regionalism and ____ nationalism. | 75 | |
| 6439259660 | integrating | A major policy challenge for Iran's government in the first decade of the 21st century is economically _____ the huge population under 30 yrs of age. | 76 | |
| 6439259661 | Guardian | Observers question the democratic nature of Iranian elections because of the role of the _____ council in approving candidates. | 77 | |
| 6439259662 | experts | Which of the following is elected in Iran: Assembly of | 78 | |
| 6439259663 | unemployment | Evidence that the oil price increases in the early 21st century have NOT helped Iran's economy includes the increasing _____ rate for young people. | 79 | |
| 6439259664 | clerical | Economic policy making in Iran today is complicated by ___ control of large segments of the economy. | 80 | |
| 6439259665 | energy | Globalization is less of a challenge to policy making in Iran than in other 3rd world countries because of its ___ self-sufficiency. | 81 | |
| 6439259666 | NOT | State-run media in Iran are ____ in competition with independent Iranian newspapers and journals | 82 | |
| 6439259667 | civil | The Shah's white revolution did NOT enhance ___ liberties. | 83 | |
| 6439259668 | Shia | The Safavids made Persia _____. | 84 | |
| 6439259669 | Ulema | The Qajars gave the Muslim clergy, the ___, political power. | 85 | |
| 6439259670 | Tudeh | The Iranian Communist party (post WWII) (Mosaddeq led this party) | 86 |