AP World History Chapter 9 Flashcards

8183352023	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r.768-814); emperor (r.800-814). Through a series of military conquests, he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Through illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival.	0
8183352024	Medieval	Literally "middle ages", a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.	1
8244956427	Byzantine Empire	Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantium", an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.	2
8244994734	Kievan Russia	State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 880 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.	3
8245023168	Schism	A formal split within a religious community.	4
8245029484	Manor	In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.	5
8245049250	Serf	In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord.	6
8245080310	Fief	In medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service.	7
8245098293	Vassal	In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that lord or king.	8
8245129334	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.	9
8245141164	Holy Roman Empire	A loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	10
8245170711	Investiture Controversy	Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.	11
8245190600	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddism.Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe.	12
8245214592	Horse Collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adaption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.	13
8245283055	Crusades	(1095-1204). Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolations.	14
8245314320	Pilgrimages	Journey to the second shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimages tradition, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings.	15
8245385356	Feudalism	The system of exchanging land for service.	16
8245397192	Page	The first stage began at about seven.	17
8245402610	Squire	The second stage usually the boy was a teenager (14).	18
8245423721	Knight	Men that fought for their country; third on the social pyramid (behind lords and church officials but before the peasants).	19