AP World History Unit 5 Flashcards

5913512290	british colonies	the (like Britain) had become prosperous and powerful by 1750	0
5913516500	taxes	an increase in them to pay for Britain's part in the 7 years war angered colonists ("no taxation without representation" became their motto)	1
5913523180	Thomas Paine	writes a pamphlet "common sense" in which he urges the colonists to support a movement for Independence from Britain	2
5913528582	Continental congress	set up in north america to coordinate resistance to British polocies	3
5913531734	1775	skirmished between British troops and colonial militia (who use Guerilla tactics) break out at Lexington	4
5913535734	decleration of Independence	a combination of the ideals of John Locke (social contract) and a list of charges against Britain (written in 1776)	5
5913540950	1777	France begins giving military support to the colonists	6
5913543075	Treaty of Paris	ends the war after the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 (Britain recognizes the independence of the US)	7
5913551835	US constitution	-creates a federal government based on popular sovereignty and guaranteed individual liberties like freedom of speech and religion -landless men, women, slaves, and native Americans were not included	8
5913561116	french revolution	it drew inspiration from the American revolution (but was much more practical)	9
5913568270	Louis XVI	french king who raised taxes to pay off a huge national debt	10
5913571070	estates	-social classes (clergy, nobles, and everyone else) in France -each estate had one vote on matters -the first two estates did not pay taxes	11
5913578982	Bastille	a prison in Paris stormed by an angry mob on July 14, 1789 (the army's gunpowder was stored there)	12
5913586490	declaration of the rights of man	document created by the revolutionaries that proclaimed "liberty, equality, and fraternity" prohibited social distinctions, and took away the king's powers by creating a constitutional monarchy	13
5913642034	Maximilian Robespierre	-lawyer who leads the revolution -he now becomes the most powerful man in France ***once in power, the revolutionaries declared war on Austria, Prussia, Spain, and Britain to spread the revolution	14
5913653334	Jean Paul Marat	newspaper publisher who pushes for executions of those not pro-revolution	15
5913657532	the terror	-enemies of the revolution were rooted out, jailed, and killed (including the king and queen) ***Robespierre now sets out to change french culture -wanted to create a "cult of reason" -outlawed Christianity, changed the calendar and gave women more rights -he would be executed for being "too radical"	16
5913674845	Napoleon Bonaparte	-superb general and supporter of the revolution who took over France when the revolution ended in 1799 -had charisma and gave people what they wanted -imposed a new constitution that brought order to France -named himself "emperor of France" -made peace with the Catholic church -granted religious freedom to Jews and Protestants -gave wealthy nobles the land back that had been taken from them during the revolution -convinced leader of Russia to be his ally -limited free speech, used spies, and took away women's rights	17
5913700865	1812	-Napoleon defeats the British, Austrian, and Prussian (modern Germany) armies in a war -he will the attack Russia	18
5913706260	"General Winter"	-Russian weather and a lack of supplies makes survival difficult for his army of 600,000 men -he will escape with 30,000 of them and return to France, leaving the rest to die in Russia	19
5913716070	April 1814	his enemies attack France and he is exiled on an island off the coast of Italy ***he will escape, return to France, gather his army, overthrow the new king, and return to power for 100 days	20
5913724548	Waterloo	-he id defeated there by the British and Prussian armies -he will be exiled on the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic until he dies in 1821	21
5913731075	Haiti	-wealthy French sugar, coffee, and cotton producing colony -slaves there were worked to death because it was cheaper than improving their lives	22
5913738001	gens de colores	slaves that had been granted freedom	23
5913740568	maroon societies	communities of escaped slaves	24
5913743719	Toussaint Louverture	-free slave who builds an organized, disciplined army of gens de colores and maroons who begin to attack French landowners -Napoleon sends troops to stop him, but most get yellow fever and die -Haiti becomes the second independent nation in the western hemisphere in 1801 -slavery ends there because of the revolution ***in the early 1800's, European leaders were concerned with stopping Napoleon instead of controlling people in the Americas	25
5913763548	Father Miguel de Hidalgo	priest who leads a revolt against the Spanish in Mexico	26
5913767010	Simon Bolivar	general who organizes an army and wins independence for northern south America	27
5913770875	Gran Colombia	the country he wants to create out of a unified south America (he will fail to do so)	28
5913775826	Prince Pedro	European who became emperor of Brazil, which will remain a wealthy nation, thanks to slavery	29
5913779825	caudillos	-local "strongmen" with their own armies -they will now rule different parts of south America -they will crush and repress the lower classes, which were most of the people living in south America	30
5913792025	echoes of revolutions	***smaller revolutions would occur in europe in 1830, 1848, and 1870	31
5913796632	ideology	the belief that a particular social and political organization is ideal	32
5913800914	liberalism	idea that change is both normal and required and will bring about equality and change	33
5913807571	conservatism	idea that societies develop slowly and must be protected from radical/revolutionary ideas	34
5913812746	slavery after revolutions	-it largely ended between 1780 and 1890 -enlightenment and religious leaders were critical of it -the cost of protecting people from slave revolts was making slavery too expensive	35
5913821778	Britain and the abolition	most powerful abolition movement ***abolition did little to improve the economic lives of emancipated (freed) slaves -many now refused to work on plantatinos	36
5913829211	migrants	cheap workers (especially from India and China) who moved across the globe to replace slaves	37
5913833408	Russia	-serfs still did the agricultural work there until they were emancipated in 1861 -like many former slaves, they would remain poor and impoverished	38
5913840457	nationalism	-belief that people belong to a distinctive national community -each "nation" should have a distinct culture, territory, and political life -tends to foster jealousy and distrust of others	39
5913849695	Nation-state	political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or languages live in a particular area under on government	40
5913856268	national personification	many countries have national animals, but during the 1800's, nations started to make fictional personifications of their nation-states	41
5913863603	1800's (nationalism)	nationalist movements occur across Europe (especially in Greece, Italy, Germany, and Ireland) and elsewhere in the world	42
5913869872	Volkgeist	what German people called their "spirit" or "essence"	43
5913873325	Prussia	German country that was part of a greater "German confederation"	44
5913881096	Otto con Bismark	Prussian prime minister who said "blood and iron" would decide German nationalism	45
5913886884	Germany	Bismark's new, unified country where German people were liked through their language, culture, and the Volkgeist -Bismark expanded it's military until it rivaled Britain as the greatest power in Europe	46
5913897429	anti-semitism	hatred of Jews that was a direct result of nationalism (especially in Germany)	47
5913901291	Theodr Herzl	-Austrian Jew who wanted to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine where Jews could live and be safe (Zionism) -this fueled nationalism and anti-semitism among Palestinians	48
5913911833	1800's (feminism)	-feminist movements develop in Europe and north America -enlightenment thinkers challenged the idea that women were becoming educated -women were joining political movements and charities and were doing missionary work	49
5913926435	maternal feminism	it still stressed the distinctive and important role of women as mothers	50
5913930887	Seneca falls, New York	in 1848, a women's rights conference is held there, starting he modern feminist movement	51
5913940105	1870's	-the movement began to focus on suffrage (women's right to vote)	52
5913978447	effects of the feminist movement	-more women would attend universities -women's literacy rates rose -divorce laws were changed to vie women more rights -more professional opportunities -deep debates over the roles of women were finally taking place -conservative men became bitterly opposed to the movement	53
5952825269	industrial revolution	1750-today -influenced by scientific revolution -transformed European society -pushed Europe into a position of global domination -increased urbanization, empire building, globalization, and populations in countries that industrialized -landscapes were altered as raw materials were extracted -air and water pollution increased greatly	54
5952870824	Britain and the industrial revolution	it started there when the British began using coal as a fuel source because it was running out of wood	55
5952880870	James Watt	-adapts a previously invented steam engine and improves its ability to create energy -steam engines now replaced water power in textile mills	56
5952906737	***other inventions in the industrial revolution	***other major inventions included steamships and steam locomotives -these were now connected to textile mills through waterways or railroads -this led to a reduction in shipping costs and cheaper goods	57
6021877580	industrial revolution spreads	***would spread to western Europe (especially Germany), the United States, Russia, and Japan	58
6021887694	Europe and the industrial revolution	historians believe it started there b/c of -luck -Europeans were the "middle men" in trade between the two hemispheres -capitalism encouraged change and innovation -raw materials were available in the Americas and could easily be shipped to Europe	59
6021905189	Britain (Industrial Revolution)	historians believe it started there in particular b/c it had: -stable government that promoted science, knowledge, and economic innovation -a ready supply of workers who had few options available to them -plenty of coal and iron ore -accessible water transport (lots of rivers and canals)	60
6021921086	India (Industrial Revolution)	-one example of a country that didn't industrialize (dependent nation) -it became dependent upon exporting a crop (cotton) to Britain in order to make money	61
6021931363	changes in Britain by 1800	-rapid development of railroads -increase in mining, manufacturing, and services -creation of more affordable goods -decreased focus on small family textile businesses (the "putting out system")	62
6021940448	nobles (kings and queens)	-they still retained great social prestige and personal wealth -they also continued to live far away from the middle class and laboring classes	63
6021949009	middle class (and the industrial revolution)	-they benefited the most from industry -factory owners, manufacturers, businessmen, bankers, and investors became more important than the wealthy aristocracy (nobility) -some became very wealthy and owned nice homes wit running water, sewers, and sidewalks -women became part of the "cult of domesticity" and were homemakers, wives, and mothers	64
6021968393	service sector workers	middle class clerks and secretaries who made up 20% of Britain's population	65
6021978269	1900 (world population)	-London is now the largest city in the world with over 6 million people -70% of those people were laborers	66
6021982335	cities	-they grew in size and were filled with factories and workhouses where laborers lived -overcrowded -filled with pollution, human waste, and raw sewage in the streets and rivers -diseases (cholera, tuberculosis), crime, gambling, drinking, and prostitution were rampant	67
6021995023	factory life	long hours, low wages, child labor, many women workers, and all supervisors were men	68
6021998717	socialists	critics who disliked the working conditions and inequalities of factory life	69
6022003244	Karl Marx	-leading socialist reformer -said capitalism was causing all of the world's social problems and should be abolished (along with private property_ -he said this would happen in a violent revolution led by industrial workers -("workers unite!")	70
6022017008	trade unions	illegal organizations that got better working conditions trough strikes	71
6022020505	child labor laws	they would eventually take kids out of factories and put them in schools	72
6022051718	migration	-a result of industry that most changed the modern world -millions moved from rural areas to cities -millions also moved to the Americas (especially the U.S.) to escape factory life and gain freedom	73
6022067692	outcomes of industrialization	***industrialization had similar outcomes and problems wherever it was established	74
6022071061	American Industry	began in textile factories in New England in the 1820s	75
6022075146	corporations	-developed to fund new industries through investment in stock markets -the U.S. government passed laws to make the formation of them easy, gave them tax breaks, and limited regulation over what they could do	76
6022082759	railroads	-the most important economic and social development in the U.S. in late 1800's -allowed for easy transportation of goods and people across the U.S.	77
6022095211	effects of industrialization on Native Americans	***railroads, the Gatling Gun, and barbed wire helped to facilitate the destruction of Native American culture	78
6022103471	"culture of consumption"	by 1900, it was being fueled through advertising, catalogs, and department stores	79
6022108242	self-made industrialists	men who invested in industry, got rich, and became cultural heroes -(Henry Ford, Andrew Carnegie, J.D. Rockefeller)	80
6022112255	America and socialism	***Americans preferred "proggressivism" over "socialism" because it was slower and non-violent	81
6022131503	Russia 1850	***bu 1859, Russia had expanded but had not industrialized or modernized	82
6022135471	serfs	-agricultural workers who were the majority of the populatoin -the government always feared they might revolt	83
6022141987	Alexander II	Tsar who frees the serfs in 1861 so they can work in factories and make money	84
6022145846	1890's in Russia	-Russia launches its own industrial revolution -focused on railroad building and factories with heavy industry -took place in only a few major cities ***serfs could not adjust to factory life, so they rebelled by going on large-scale strikes	85
6022160469	intelligentsia	students and intellectuals who push for socialism and reform	86
6022164536	Siberia	secret police round up socialists and "revolutionaries", and ship them here and use them as slave labor	87
6022171551	pogroms	attack on Jews that force many to move to Europe and America	88
6022173779	Russo-Japanese war	-1905 -terrible defeat for Russia -their entire navy is destroyed -members of the military mutiny and rebel -soviets (workers council) lead major strikes and begin to push for violent revolution -Nicholas II responded with violence	89
6022185709	Latin America industrialism	***by 1850, Latin America was 18 different countries	90
6022188707	Creole elites	-descendants of Europeans whose goal was to control land for agriculture and ranching -this meant they did not industrialize -countries made money off of exports of food and raw materials (willingly become dependent nations) -Europe and the U.S. began to invest in Latin American countries	91
6022202092	machism	social ethic that honored male strength and aggression	92
6022204497	gauchos	cowboys of the pampas of Argentina	93
6022206563	Benito Juarez	-native American president of Mexico who led a reform movement (La Reforma) -wanted to limit the power of the catholic church in government -granted universal male suffrage -limited power of the military -created freedom of the press ***the reforms still did not help the poor	94
6022218664	Mexican revolution	bloody conflict (over 1 million killed) from 1911-1920 between landowners and peasants	95
6022224145	Porfirio Diaz	-hated Mexican dictator who was in power at the beginning of the revolution -wanted to help the rich at the expense of the poor	96
6022229195	Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa	revolutionary leaders of peasant armies fighting for "tierra and libertad" (land and liberty) ***support from the U.S. government helped crush the rebellion	97
6097117157	***industry and empire	***the industrial revolution fueled European expansion -created a demand for raw materials and agricultural products -need for products in which to sell European goods and allow to invest in them -foreign markets created jobs for Europeans -nationalism stressed expansion -steamships. the telegraph, canals (Suez and Panama), and railroads could connect empires -gunpowder, repeating rifle, the Maxim gun, and artillery on ships gave Europeans a military advantage	98
6097145676	political benefits (of industry and empire)	nations could acquire strategic locations across the world	99
6097147928	cultural benefits (of industry and empire)	spread education, health care, good government, and Christianity to the "weaker races"	100
6097155480	scientific racism	idea that humans consist of several racial groups	101
6097157648	Charles Darwin	said human societies developed as part of "survival of the fittest" (evolution)	102
6097161273	social darwinism	attempt to apply Darwin's theory to human history	103
6097289329	imperialism	the domination of powers (Europe, U.S., Japan) over subject lands	104
6097292263	colonialism	sending colonists to a foreign land and forcing your policies and culture on the people there	105
6097300152	India (Britain) and Indonesia (Dutch)	colonization happened thanks to trading companies	106
6097301780	Africa and the Pacific	carved up by European powers at the Berlin Conference in 1884	107
6097309956	Liberia (imperialism and conquest)	Africa country settled by freed U.S. slaves that was allowed to remain independent	108
6097313279	Australia (imperialism and conquest)	originally used by Britain as a prison colony but later settled for sheep herding and farming	109
6097319838	Singapore (imperialism and conquest)	colonized to link British bases between Indian ocean and South China sea	110
6097327253	Hawaii (imperialism and conquest)	U.S. companies arrive and begin exporting sugar and pineapple	111
6097333586	Latin America	most countries became dependent upon U.S. as a business link to East Asia (acquired in the U.S. victory over Spain in the Spanish-American war)	112
6097343903	Britain (European rule)	it developed the world's largest empire under Queen Victoria in the 1800s	113
6097349658	India (European rule)	Britain hired local troops (sepoys) over lack of British sensitivity toward their culture -Britain crushed the revolt and established direct rule (British officials and soldiers move in, local culture and tradition ignored)	114
6097359927	Indian National Congress	set up to create better communication between teh British and Indians	115
6097363859	Ram Mohan Roy	the "father of modern India" who began the first attack on British rule in the late 1800s	116
6097369341	colonial life	***life in colonies was traumatic for colonized people -colonial powers set up dictatorships -racism was the acceptable norm -all colonies, not just India -most colonized men were seen as being soft, passive, and feminine -policies contradicted Christian and enlightenment ideals	117
6097385005	Colonial economies	***most colonies specialized in one or two cash crops -cocoa in Ghana, cotton in India	118
6097389978	Indonesia (Colonial economies)	the Dutch made money by forcing peasants to give up 20% of their crops as taxes (the cultivation system)	119
6097399244	Vietnam (Colonial economies)	colonized by the French for rice production	120
6097402132	Congo Free State (Colonial economies)	-African region used by King Leopold of Belgium as a source of rubber -Africans were maimed (randomly) every day by having their hands cut off -up to 8 million Africans died there working for him	121
6097411168	Boer war	-bloody battle between Afrikaners (Dutch) and the British over diamonds and gold in southern Africa -last war in which calvary was effective -British set up "concentration camps" for Afrikaner prisoners -Britain wins	122
6097424807	South Africa	-nation created out of four Afrikaner provinces -whites were given "white privilege" by the British and allowed to set up their own government	123
6130043792	defenders of colonialism	said it jump-started modern growth	124
6130045679	critics of colonialism	said it exploited people and led to limited, uneven growth	125
6130051048	Western education	it led to a new identity for many people around the world	126
6130057271	Christianity (colonial era)	it became popular around the world as a result of European colonialism	127
6130060641	cultural changes in the colonial era	***race, ethnicity, and "tribe" helped to unite people (in Africa, it was called "pan-Africanism"	128
6130068247	impressionism	Eropean art form using styles from Africa (sculpture, metal work) and Asia (simple nature themes)	129
6130076925	leisure	-many people around the world now had higher wages and fewer working hours `	130
6130085995	inventions and improvements in the colonial era	*the bicycle, automobile, airplane, light bulb, telephone, and radio would change the world sanitation systems, soaps, disinfectants, and vaccinations helped prevent illness newspaper, theaters, and sports (soccer, the return of the Olympics) became popular *forests and animal species (whales, bison) were destroyed and pollution (land and air) became an issue everywhere	131
6130104947	1900	the world's population reaches 1 billion	132
6150746899	opium (in China)	-the British grew it in India -it was shipped to China and traded for silver -silver was then used to pay for Chinese goods -as addiction grew and labor shortages ensued, the Qing emperor cracked down	133
6157247768	Opium war	1839-1842 -British ships attack China and show how far behind China's military was	134
6157247769	Treaty of Nanjing	-an "unequal peace treaty" between Britain and China's Qing government -Hong Kong is given to Britain -opium trading is legalized -China could not levy tariffs on importing goods -Christian missionaries are allowed in China	135
6192836689	Hong Xiuquan	Chinese scholar (he believed he was Jesus' brother) who creates a peasant army to overthrow the Qing government	136
6192846040	Taiping Rebellion	revolutionary attempt to take land, redistribute it to peasants, develop free public education, and end foot binding -Qing army kills 30 million peasants	137
6192860320	self-strengthening movement (of China)	Qing emperor attempts to modernize China	138
6192862277	Empress Cixi	-emperor's sister who supports a violent anti-foreigner group called the Boxers -they are defeated by a European, U.S., and Japanese alliance	139
6192869122	1912 (in china)	China's dynastic system ends	140
6192932255	1800's (Ottoman empire)	-military losses to Europe, a lack of modernization, and the economic shift to the Atlantic Ocean caused the Ottomans to lose importance -the Sultans were losing power to local warlords -provinces like Greece had gone independent -people now called it the "Sick man of Europe"	141
6192948292	Muhammad Ali	-leader who creates a strong, modern Egyptian state that breaks away from the Ottoman Empire -industrialized (cotton and weapons) -became dependent on European loans	142
6192958781	Suez canal	constructed by Egypt but sold to Britain when Egypt's government spent too much money	143
6192963809	Young Turk Party	-group of Turkish nationalists who create modern Turkey in 1908 and break away from the Ottoman Empire -hoped for universal suffrage, compulsory education for both men and women, freedom for women, and a modern, secular state -World War I will slow down their plans and kill of the Ottoman empire	144
6192985907	sphere of influence	a region of which a foreign nation has control over trade	145
6192992044	1853 (Japan)	Japan still refused to trade with anyone except the Dutch ***The U.S. was becoming interested in Pacific commerce	146
6192999294	Matthew Perry	-U.S. admiral who uses "gunship diplomacy" to bring Japan out of it's isolation and crate a U.S. sphere of influence -this led to unequal treaties with Japan, along with huge political and social changes	147
6193012902	Meiji Restoration	-Japan's return to imperial government and a new sense of "Westernization" -emperor given "god-like" status again and a few checks are made on his power -factories, railroads, steamships, mines, and banking systems are created -the samurai are abolished and shot -men are given mandatory military service	148
6193034345	1895 in Japan	Japan has become (overnight) a powerful industrial nation by leaning from Europe and the United States	149
6193040505	modernization of Japan	*by the 1880's, Japan was becoming "Westernized" -almost all people became legally equal -clothing and hairstyles became "western" -books from the west are translated into Japanese *Christianity would make little progress (Shinto remained the major religion)	150
6193060096	modernization	-accomplished without acquiring foreign debt -peasants did become impoverished (many resorted to selling/killing girls) -peasant rebellions were crushed -urban workers were treated badly and unions were disallowed ***Japan's military now became the focus of their society	151
6193073726	Sino-Japanese war	Japan defeats China in a war over who should rule Korea and Taiwan	152