Chp. 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy Flashcards

5169151716	Jean Piaget	Was a Swiss psychologist interest in epistemology. Looked at humans as organisms that need to adapt in the environment. Studied cognitive development in children and came up w/ ideas like: -intelligence is an active, dynamic process -As children develop, the structure of their thinking changes, and their new modes of thought are based on earlier structures.	0
5169165242	Genetic epistemology	the study of development of knowledge through biological adaptation ad development of the mind.	1
5169165243	schemas	cognitive frameworks that let us categorize concepts, objects or experiences	2
5169165244	disequilibrium	a state of confusion in which your schemas don't fit your experiences. Ex. a child is served a new type of food they've never seen before, so they don't associate it with food.	3
5169168380	sensorimotor stage	Piaget's first stage in which infant's understand the world through the info. they take in through their senses and through their actions on their environment.	4
5169168381	circular reaction	An infant's repetition of a reflexive action that results in a pleasurable experience. Ex. infant sucking on thumb	5
5169169768	motor schema	infants' organization of knowledge through action on the world	6
5169169769	object permanence	the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.	7
5169173725	Theory of Core Knowledge	Theory that basic areas of knowledge are innate and built into the human brain.	8
5169176882	violation of expectation	A research method based on the finding that babies look longer at unexpected or surprising events.	9
5169176883	selective attention	Choosing what we pay attention to.	10
5169176903	sustained attention	the process of maintaining focus over time. what we stick with.	11
5169179023	habituation	the reduction in the response to a stimulus that is repeated	12
5169179024	infantile amnesia	adults' inability to remember experiences that happened to them before age 3.	13
5169180527	executive function	the aspect of brain organization that coordinates attention and memory and controls behavioral responses for the purpose of attaining a certain goal	14
5169180528	inhibition	the ability to stop more automatic behaviors in order to stay on task and ignore distractions	15
5169182271	phonology	the study of sounds	16
5169182272	syntax	the grammar of language	17
5169183817	semantics	the study of the meaning of words	18
5169183818	pragmatics	the way we use language in social situations. children have a problem with this, they say whatever is on their mind.	19
5169183819	morpheme	the smallest unit in language that has meaning Ex. cats -> 2 airplanes -> 3	20
5169185558	phoneme	smallest distinct sound in a particular language Ex. shine -> 3	21
5169185559	transitional probability	the likelihood that one particular sound will follow another one to form a word	22
5169187989	Nativism	A theory of language development that human brains are innately wired to learn language and that hearing spoken language triggers activation of a universal grammar	23
5169187990	universal grammar	the idea proposed by Noam Chomsky that all languages tend to have the same underlying grammar. For instance, babies around the world babble the same way.	24
5169189836	overregularization	type of grammatical error in which children apply a language rule to words that don't follow it. Ex. adding an 's' to foot to make it plural, but foots is not a word.	25
5169191457	interactionism	readiness to learn interacts with the child's experience	26
5169191458	recast	repeating what children say but in a more advanced grammar to facilitate language learning.	27
5169193387	cognitive-processing theory	theory that learning language is a process of "data crunching" in which the process of learning words and their meanings relies on the computational ability of the brain.	28
5169197916	Broca's area	part of the brain involved in speech production, located near the motor center.	29
5169199348	Wernicke's area	part of the brain involved in understanding and creating meaning in speech. located near the auditory center.	30
5169199349	receptive language	the ability to understand words or sentences	31
5169201560	expressive language	the written or spoken language we use to convey our thoughts, emotions or needs.	32
5169769154	Child-directed speech	speech tailored to fit the sensory and cognitive capabilities of infants and children so it holds their attention. includes speaking in a higher pitch and using simple vocabulary.	33
5169777875	vocabulary burst	the rapid growth of a child's vocabulary that often occurs in the 2nd year.	34
5169779822	whole object bias	an assumption made by language learners that a word describes an entire object rather than just some portion of it.	35
5169782805	mutual exclusivity constraint	an assumption made by language learners that there is one (and only one) name for an object	36
5169788285	taxonomic constraint	assumption that 2 objects can have one common name, but that each object could also have its own name. Ex. cats and dogs are both animals.	37
5169797381	fast mapping	a process by which children apply constraints and knowledge of grammar to learn new words very quickly.	38
5169797382	syntactic bootstrapping	using syntax to learn new words	39
5169799347	semantic bootstrapping	using conceptual categories to create grammatical categories.	40
5169801042	intellectual disability	type of intellectual impairment that includes a low score on a standardized test, impaired adaptive functioning, and deficits in cognitive functioning.	41