AP Psych. Unit 4 Flashcards

6079552380	Learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
6079552381	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner	1
6079552382	Associative Learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)	2
6079552383	Classical Conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
6079552384	Behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
6079552385	Unconditioned Response (UR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
6079552386	Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response	6
6079552387	Conditioned Response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
6079552388	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response	8
6079552389	Acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response	9
6079552390	Higher-order Conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)	10
6079552391	Extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced	11
6079552392	Spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
6079552393	Generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	13
6079552394	Discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
6079552395	Learned Helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
6079552396	Respondent Behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
6079552397	Operant Conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	17
6079552398	Operant Behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	18
6079552399	Law of Effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	19
6079552400	Shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	20
6079552401	Discriminative Stimulus	in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	21
6079552402	Reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	22
6079552403	Positive Reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	23
6079552404	Negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)	24
6079552405	Primary Reinforce	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	25
6079552406	Conditioned Reinforce	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer	26
6079552407	Continuous Reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	27
6079552408	Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	28
6079552409	Fixed-ratio Schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	29
6079552410	Fixed-interval Schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	30
6079552411	Punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.	31
6079552412	Genitive Map		32
6079552413	Latent Learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	33
6079552414	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	34
6079552415	Intrinsic Motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	35
6079552416	Extrinsic Motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	36
6079552417	Biofeedback	a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension	37
6079552418	Observational Learning	learning by observing others.	38
6079552419	Mirror Neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy	39
6079552420	Prosocial Behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	40