AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

5993819079	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
5993819080	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
5993819081	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
5993819082	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
5993819083	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
5993819084	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
5993819085	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
5993819086	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
5993819087	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
5993819088	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	9
5993819089	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	10
5993819090	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	11
5993819091	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	12
5993819092	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	13
5993819093	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	14
5993819094	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	15
5993819095	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	16
5993819096	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	17
5993819097	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	18
5993819098	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	19
5993819099	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	20
5993819100	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	21
5993819101	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	22
5993819102	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	23
5993819103	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	24
5993819104	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	25
5993819105	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	26
5993819106	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	27
5993819107	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	28
5993819108	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	29
5993819109	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	30
5993819110	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	31
5993819111	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	32
5993819112	granum	stacks of thylakoids	33
5993819113	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	34
5993819114	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	35
5993819115	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	36
5993819116	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	37
5993819117	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	38
5993819118	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	39
5993819119	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	40
5993819120	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	41
5993819121	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	42
5993819122	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	43
5993819123	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	44
5993819124	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	45
5993819125	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	46
5993819126	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell	47
5993819127	middle lamella	a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin	48
5993819128	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support	49
5993819129	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	50
5993819130	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	51
5993819131	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	52
5993819132	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	53
5993819133	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	54
5993819134	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	55