Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards
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| 5184137789 | Hemispheres | The two halves of the brain. | 0 | |
| 5184139078 | Corpus Callosum | The band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. (how they communicate with each other) | 1 | |
| 5184167865 | Brain Stem | Includes the spinal cord, which controls basic functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. | 2 | |
| 5184173174 | Cerebellum | Controls balance and movement | 3 | |
| 5184174240 | Occipital Lobe | Processes visual information | 4 | |
| 5184177663 | Temporal Lobe | Active in hearing, language, memory for facts, visual memory, and emotion. | 5 | |
| 5184181059 | Parietal Lobe | Processes sensory input and spiritual awareness | 6 | |
| 5184184183 | Frontal Lobe | Processes complex thoughts, movement, language, working memory, and self- control. | 7 | |
| 5184194390 | Prefrontal Cortex | Very front of cerebrum. Controls judgment and the ability to plan. | 8 | |
| 5184200224 | 2 Parts Within the Cerebrum | 1.) Amygdala 2.)Hippocampus Important in experience and expression of emotion, memories, and sensations. | 9 | |
| 5184226354 | What two factors influence brain development? | 1.) Biological forces 2.) Environmental influences | 10 | |
| 5184230146 | Neurons | The cells that make up the nervous system of the body. | 11 | |
| 5184234106 | Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse from one nerve cell to another. | 12 | |
| 5184239079 | Axon | The part of a nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the cell body. (Send neurotransmitters) | 13 | |
| 5184242918 | Dendrites | The parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons. (Receive neurotransmitters) | 14 | |
| 5184251720 | Synapse | The place were the axon from one neuron meets the dendrite of another neuron | 15 | |
| 5184264257 | Synaptogenesis | The development of new synapses. | 16 | |
| 5184275994 | T/F Infants are born with almost all the brain cells they will ever have. | True. | 17 | |
| 5184278045 | T/F Newborn babies form synapses in their brains at the rate of a hundred new connections each second. | False- one million connections per second | 18 | |
| 5184284585 | Plasticity | The ability of an immature brain to change in form and function. | 19 | |
| 5184286946 | Pruning | The deterioration and disappearance of synapses that are not used. | 20 | |
| 5184294226 | When does plasticity disappear? | Age 4 or 5 | 21 | |
| 5184302845 | Why is pruning beneficial to the brain? | Pruning makes the brain more efficient. | 22 | |
| 5184313190 | Experience- Expectant Brain Development | Development that occurs when we encounter experiences that our brain expects as a normal event. (Ex. Exposure to light) | 23 | |
| 5184320360 | Experience- Dependent Brain Development | Development that occurs in response to specific learning experiences. (Ex. Playing the violin) | 24 | |
| 5184338294 | Myelination | The process of laying down a fatty sheath of myelin on the neurons. (For the message to be sent successfully) | 25 | |
| 5184360788 | Cerebral Palsy | A chronic condition that appears early in development and primarily involves problems with body movement and muscle coordination. | 26 | |
| 5184362315 | Autism Spectrum Disorder | A disorder characterized by pervasive impairment in social communication and interaction and by restricted or repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities. Severity is classified by how much support the individual needs to function effectively. | 27 | |
| 5184449119 | How do 70% of cerebral palsy cases occur? The remaining 30%? | -Brain injury during prenatal development. -an infection or injury causes damage to the brain | 28 | |
| 5184472532 | Name three parts of a treatment plan for cerebral palsy. | Medications- for seizures and muscle spasms Surgery- Lengthen muscles/ tendons that are too short. Physical Therapy- Skill building | 29 | |
| 5184492375 | What part of the brain is enlarged in ASD? | The amygdala | 30 | |
| 5184504252 | When can ASD be diagnosed? | 3 years of age (some-18 months) | 31 | |
| 5184519546 | Sensations | The information from the environment that is picked up by our sense organs. | 32 | |
| 5184524305 | Perceptions | The process of interpreting and attaching meaning to sensory information. | 33 | |
| 5184530271 | Mirror Neurons | Neurons that fire both when an individual acts and when the individual observes the same action performed by another. | 34 | |
| 5184541896 | Visual Acuity | The ability to see things in sharp detail. | 35 | |
| 5184548690 | T/F Infants are born with a preference for the foods common in their culture. | True | 36 | |
| 5184551157 | Circumcision | Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. | 37 | |
| 5184555364 | Cross- Modal Transfer of Perception | Perception with one sense enables recognition of that object with another sense, such as touch. | 38 | |
| 5184576187 | Reflexes | Patterned, involuntary motor responses that are controlled by the lower brain centers. | 39 | |
| 5184590418 | When does prenatal thumb sucking begin? | 12-14 weeks of gestational age | 40 | |
| 5184597630 | T/F Babies triple their birth weight by the time they are 1 year old. | True | 41 | |
| 5184599171 | Gross Motor Skills | Skills that involve the large muscle groups of the body- for example, the legs and arms | 42 | |
| 5184599172 | Fine Motor Skills | Skills that involve small movements, mostly of the hands and fingers, but also of the lips and tongue. | 43 | |
| 5184627561 | Sucking Reflex | When something touches the roof of the baby's mouth, her lips close, and she will suck reflexively. (2 months) | 44 | |
| 5184630704 | Crawling Reflex | When the baby is placed on his tummy, his legs will make crawling motions even though he is not able to move forward. (2 months) | 45 | |
| 5184637938 | Moro Reflex | Also known as startle reflex. When a baby loses support she will flail her arms and legs outward. When startled, most babies will pull their limbs back in. (3 months) | 46 | |
| 5184652362 | Stepping Reflex | If you support the baby's weight but let his feet touch the ground, he will lift and set his feet in a "walking" motion. (3 months) | 47 | |
| 5184652363 | Tonic Neck Reflex | When a baby is placed on his back and his head is turned to the side, he will stretch out the arm and leg in the direction his is facing and pull inward the opposite arm and leg. AKA fencer's pose. (4 months) | 48 | |
| 5184653720 | Babinski Reflex | When you stroke the side of a baby's foot, her big toe points up and the other toes will fan out. (4 months) | 49 | |
| 5184653721 | Rooting Reflex | If you gently stroke the baby's cheek, he will turn in the direction of the touch and begin to suck with his mouth. (4 months) | 50 | |
| 5184654866 | Palmar Grasp | When you touch the baby's palm with your index finger, she will clench your finger. (6 months) | 51 | |
| 5184654867 | Gag Reflex | The throat contracts to expel objects too large to be ingested. (Doesn't disappear) | 52 | |
| 5184656306 | Blinking Reflex | Eyes blink when touched or exposed suddenly to bright light. (Doesn't disappear) | 53 | |
| 5184695237 | Proximodistal | Development that proceeds from the central axis (torso) of the body toward the extremities. | 54 | |
| 5184704272 | Cephalocaudal Direction | Development of myelination from the head downwards. | 55 | |
| 5184718391 | Steps of cephalocaudal development in infants. | 1.) Head and Neck 2.) Shoulders 3.) Rolling over back and forth 4.) Arms and Chest 5.) Hips 6.) Thighs 7.) Lower legs 8.) Feet | 56 | |
| 5184728628 | Steps of proximodistal development in infants | 1.) Torso 2.) Arms 3.) Hands 4.) Fingers | 57 | |
| 5210902418 | Infant Mortality | The rate of infant death within the first year of life. | 58 | |
| 5210932088 | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | The unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant. | 59 | |
| 5210974639 | Cortisol | A hormone produced as part of the stress response that prepares the body to deal with threat and also shuts down nonessential functions. | 60 |