AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards

7413798873	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
7413798874	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 BCE) conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of NW India.	1
7413798875	Aryans	Indo-Europeans pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
7413798876	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 BCE) who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully with tolerance.	3
7413798877	Athenian Democracy	A radical form of direct democracy in which most of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.	4
7413798879	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 BCE-14 CE)	5
7413798880	Cyrus the Great	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 BCE); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	6
7413798881	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 BCE) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	7
7413798882	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece in 490 BCE and 480 BCE in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	8
7413798883	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 CE)	9
7413798884	Han Dynasty	Dynasty that ruled China from 206-220 BCE creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.	10
7413798885	Hellenistic era	The period from 323-30 BCE in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdom ruled by Alexander's political successors.	11
7413798886	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history"; His histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 BCE.	12
7413798887	Hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman; the ability to afford a panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	13
7413798888	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greek and Persian empires.	14
7413798889	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	15
7413824571	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E	16
7413798890	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 BCE) that encompassed most of India.	17
7413798891	Olympic Games	Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honour of Zeus; founded in 776 BCE and celebrated every four years.	18
7413798892	Patricians	Wealthy, privleged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	19
7413798893	pax Romana	The "Roman peace" a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman empire, especially in the first and second centuries CE.	20
7413798894	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies) lasting from 431-404 BCE. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athen's Golden Age.	21
7413798895	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	22
7413798896	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 BCE.	23
7413798897	Plebeians	Poorer, less-privleged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	24
7413798898	Punic Wars	The major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 BCE, that culminated in Roman victory and control of the Western Mediterranean.	25
7413798899	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 BCE) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	26
7413798900	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor from Qin"; forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	27
7413798901	Solon	Athenian statesmen and lawmaker (594-560 BCE) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	28
7413798902	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 BCE) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	29
7413798903	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state	30
7413798910	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 BCE and helped cause the fall of the Han Dynasty.	31