AP World History Chapter 30 Flashcards

5138277327	Toussaint L'Ouverture	(1743-1803) Leader of slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to the creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804.	0
5138299977	Father Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed.	1
5138310237	Agustín de Iturbide	(1783-1824) Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until it's collapse in 1824.	2
5138340370	Simon Bolívar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to the creation of independent state of gran Colombia.	3
5138346326	Gran Colombia	Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.	4
5138383926	José de San Martín	A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America. Born in Argentina, he served in the Spanish army but joined in the movement for independence; led the revolutionary army that crossed the Andes and helped to liberate Chile in 1817-1818, and with Simon Bolívar, Peru. For political reasons, he went into exile in Europe in 1823.	5
5138396061	Dom João Vi	Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro.	6
5138448134	Dom Pedro I	(1798-1834) Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil.	7
5138466650	Andrés Santa Cruz	Mestizo General who established the union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.	8
5138572828	caudillos	Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.	9
5138585607	centralists	Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.	10
5138593791	federalists	Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals.	11
5138604493	Juan Manuel de Rosas	Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.	12
5138613126	General Antonio López de Santa Anna	Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after a brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by united States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.	13
5138631342	Monroe Doctrine	American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a european country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the united States; supported by great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade.	14
5138643212	guano	Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted the end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.	15
5138655316	positivism	French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence.	16
5138662862	Auguste Comte	French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.	17
5138681739	manifest destiny	Belief of the government of the united States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War.	18
5141481282	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas and California to the united States; left legacy of distrust of the united States in Latin America.	19
5141482546	Mexican-American War	Fought between Mexico and the united States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the united States.	20
5141484528	Benito Juárez	(1806-1872) Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872.	21
5141487836	La Reforma	The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna.	22
5141489025	Maximilian von Habsburg	Proclaimed emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.	23
5141490988	Argentine Republic	Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists.	24
5141492391	Domingo F. Sarmiento	(1811-1888) Liberal politician and president of Argentine republic from 1868 to 1874; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation.	25
5141493325	fazendas	Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil.	26
5141496239	científicos	Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican government to project image of modernization.	27
5141498116	Spanish-American War	War fought between Spain and the united States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.	28
5141501470	Great Boom	In The Great Boom, historian Robert Sobel tells the fascinating story of the last 50 years when American entrepreneurs, visionaries, and ordinary citizens transformed our depression and war-exhausted society into today's economic powerhouse	29
5141501967	Panama Canal	An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from united States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided a short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914.	30
5141510036	junta central	A central committee that ruled in the Spanish King's name in opposition to Napoleon's brother, whom Napoleon had appointed as king.	31
5141522033	Battle of Ayacucho	War in 1824, where royalist forces were defeated.	32
5141525504	Creoles	American-born whites who expressed a growing self-consciousness as they began to question the policies of Spain and Portugal.	33