Unit 4 AP World History 1750-1900 Flashcards

4262021374	Agriculture Revolution	new agriculture methods, crop rotation increase in production and growth,18th century, led to the scientific and mechanized agriculture, potatoes	0
4262035083	Flying Shuttle	was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand	1
4262038603	spinning jenny	This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)	2
4262048473	cotton gin	A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, led to increased slavery in US	3
4262049560	coal	important in industrial revolution, used in railroads and machines, important fuel source, better than wood	4
4262056468	iron	key manufacturing material, iron bridge is a symbol	5
4262078915	steam engine	A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. Created so factories no longer had to be near rivers	6
4262088774	Steamship	The 19th century had new forms of transportation. This new type of water transportation used steam instead of sails.	7
4262092441	locomotive	a steam engine designed to pull cars on a railway, greatest transportation, coal and iron needed, increase profit	8
4262102230	Telegraph	A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s. Samuel Morse	9
4262105885	Telephone	Communication device invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1986.	10
4262107857	Light Bulb	an electric device, often with a glass covering, that emits light, developed by Thomas Edison	11
4262111182	internal combustion engine	An engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine.	12
4262115719	interchangeable parts	Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing	13
4262120729	assembly line	In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.	14
4262122598	pollution	Release of harmful materials into the environment	15
4262126246	free-market system	This idea was introduced by Adam Smith, the government does not set or control prices, supply, or demand	16
4262133119	laissez-faire capitalism	transactions between different companies or people are not subject to tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies	17
4262150537	Colombian Exchange	the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa	18
4262153873	Socialism	any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods	19
4262156899	communism	A political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country.	20
4262175266	The wealth of nations	Adam Smith wrote this to argue that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity, strong supporter of laissez faire, government has duty to protect society,	21
4262180025	The Communist Manifesto	A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.	22
4262182405	Factory Act of 1833	An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.	23
4262183534	labor unions	An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions	24
4262194786	social mobility	social mobility was not very good, the poor became poor, and the factory owners became richer, it was hard to move up because of the working conditions. Also immigrants, and African Americans could nit move up because people didn't want to employ them	25
4262223577	Women's suffrage	Women started getting jobs because of the job openings during the industrial revolution. Because of this, they decided they wanted more political rights such as voting. Women suffrage groups were created during this time	26
4262240353	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	27
4262245900	Bessemer process	A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.	28
4262248096	Atlantic slave trade	Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.	29
4262250797	Eli Whitney	Invented the cotton gin	30
4262250798	James Watt	Steam engine	31
4262253728	Charles Darwin	English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.	32
4262255442	Charles Dickens	English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)	33
4262256630	Adam Smith	(1723-1790) Scottish philosophe who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society	34
4262258220	Karl Marx	1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.	35
4262261131	Baron de Montesquieu	French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.	36
4262262651	Luddites	19th-century English textile workers (or self-employed weavers who feared the end of their trade) who protested against newly developed labour-economizing technologies, primarily between 1811 and 1816.	37
4262267798	Rudyard Kipling	(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands	38
4262268947	Robert Clive	This man was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown.	39
4262271005	Queen Victoria	British queen from 1837-1901 with the longest reign in English history who helped to stabilize the economy with continued improvements as a result of the Industrial Revolution. In 1876, she also assumed the title of Empress of India.	40
4262273707	Commodore Matthew Perry	A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.	41
4262275431	Emperor Meiji	emperor of Japan who modernized Japan in the 1860s by studying and adopting Western armies, government forms and industries. As a result, Japan became a strong power and was never colonized	42
4262276393	Louis XVI	King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.	43
4262281891	Maximilien Robespierre	Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.	44
4262285294	Napoleon Bonaparte	Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. Ended Feudalism, equal rights, religious tolerance, uniform, secular law code	45
4262295320	Prince von Metternich	The Austrian "Prince of Diplomats" at the Congress of Vienna, Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister	46
4262304914	Alexander I of Russia	Ruled Russia from 1801-1825 (Napoleonic-post Napoleonic era). Fought as a part of the coalitions against Napoleon. He suffered a major defeat at Austerlitz in 1805, but defeated Napoleon in his attempt to invade Russia. He was the voice of Russia at the Congress of Vienna, forming the Holy Alliance with Prussia and Austria. Became a force of conservatism.	47
4262318666	Toussaint L'Ouverture	Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.	48
4262329019	Jacques Dessalines	He continued the fight for Haitian Independence after Toussaint-Louverture capture	49
4262331893	Simon Bolivar	South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation.	50
4263610594	Jose de San Martin	South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru, joined with Bolivar	51
4263616171	Miguel Hidalgo	Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions	52
4263619497	Jose Morelos	Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.	53
4263622341	Victor Emmanuel II	King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy.	54
4263628808	Count Camillo Cavour	Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.	55
4263630861	Giuseppe Garibaldi	Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).	56
4263638499	Wilhelm I	He became king of Prussia in 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck.	57
4263640526	Otto Von Bismarck	Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)	58
4263642365	Wilhelm II	Fires Bismark because he won't fight France; Believes that his military and army is the best and that his can beat other European powers; Won't renew peace treaty with Russia: Russia sides with France because of this; Becomes rivals with the British navy	59
4263643411	Alexander II	Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government (1855-1881)	60
4263647530	Nicholas II	Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.	61
4263652037	Peter The Great	(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.	62
4263653128	missionaries	people who work to spread their religious beliefs	63
4263654973	King Leopold II of Belgium	The king of Belgium who colonized the Congo and sent expeditions into central Africa	64
4263678695	Zulu	South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle	65
4263683702	Asante	African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.	66
4263695194	Janissaries	Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.	67
4263696386	Zheng He	Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia	68
4263701037	Mahatma Gandhi	Leader of the peaceful civil disobedience movement in India	69
4263706727	American Revolution	This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.	70
4263711515	Declaration of Independence	1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.	71
4263723475	Seven Year's War	Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.	72
4263728628	Revenue Act	1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes.	73
4263733984	Stamp Act	1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.	74
4263735735	Tea Act	1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.	75
4263739871	Common Sense	1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation	76
4263742002	French Revolution	The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.	77
4263746528	Estates General	France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.	78
4263749562	National Assembly	French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.	79
4263752629	The Declaration of the Rights of Man	A fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal.	80
4263755044	Jacobins	Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.	81
4263758509	Committee of Public Saftey	Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.	82
4263761285	Directory	The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power (1795-1799)	83
4263764405	Napoleonic Codes	individual legality and equality, government- more authority of people, no classes, peasants- subjects of state, religious toleration, everyone has the right to work, courts are separate from those in power.	84
4263767752	Waterloo	The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power	85
4263771260	Congress of Vienna	(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.	86
4263772624	Haitian Revolt	The mixed races of the Haitian population began to want rights and more political say. Most of the population on the island was African slaves, and they eventually revolted against the French rule, under Toussaint-L'Ouverture	87
4263773923	Treaty of Cordoba	official document granted Mexico it's independence from Spain	88
4263775823	1st estate	Clergy	89
4263775824	2nd estate	Nobility	90
4263777444	3rd estate	98% of the french pop	91
4263779236	White Man's Burden	idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized	92
4263780685	Social Darwinism	19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.	93
4263783556	British East India Company	A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.	94
4263790315	Sepoy Mutiny	The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.	95
4263798144	British Colonialism	This targeted undeveloped territories for modernization and often forced Christianity and British ideologies on the populace.	96
4263799723	Indian National Congress	A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.	97
4263801701	Opium Wars	Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.	98
4263803906	Treaty of Nanjing	1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.	99
4263805659	White Lotus Rebellion	Buddhist led, a rebellion that occurred during the Qing dynasty of China. The rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century.	100
4263807584	Taiping Rebellion	(1850-1864) led by Zealot pretending to be Jesus brother, A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.	101
4263821321	Self Strengthening movement	1861-1895, try to rebuild china; adopt western military tech, learn from foreigners, no social reforms, largely unsuccessful	102
4263825417	Sino-French War	1883 china loses vietnam to France	103
4263829164	Sino-Japanese War	a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory	104
4263831706	Treaty of Shimonoseki	China give control of Taiwan to Japan	105
4263834023	Spheres of Influence	France, Germany, Russia, Britain took part of china for themselves not as colonies but to invest power in	106
4263836910	unequal treaties	trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits	107
4263838497	Open Door Policy	A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.	108
4263841749	Boxer Rebellion	chinese nationalists anti manchu, anti christian, anti europe; goal to get all foreigners out of china; kill missionaries; put down foreign reinforcement embarrassing Manchu; china forced to sign Boxer Protocol 1901; execution of gov officials who supported rebellion, paid nations for involvement for 39 yrs; formally apologize	109
4263845758	Treaty of Kanazawa	treaty saying that japanese will open two ports to american ships	110
4263847072	Meiji Restoration	The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.	111
4263849227	Russo-Japanese War	(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.	112
4263850145	warm water ports	Russia lacked these things, so it hoped to drive to the Indian Ocean and gain an outlet to the sea	113
4263851592	Boer War	(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.	114
4263852791	concentration camps	A camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions	115
4263854306	Zulu nations	The Zulu were a south African tribe that placed an emphasis on military organization and skill, as established by their legendary leader Shaka Zulu. Eventually, the Zulu came into the conflict with the British army.Despite early victories, the Zulu were eventually defeated by the technology and vast resources at the command of the British troops	116
4263866025	Berlin Conference	A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa	117
4263868428	African National Congress	An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.	118
4263869715	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	119
4263869716	Sati	the former Hindu practice of a widow throwing herself onto her husband's funeral pyre.	120
4263879369	Belgian Congo	Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.	121
4263882639	unification of Italy	1860, ally of Mazzini, recruited volunteers and won control of Sicily. Next, Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel. Last, Italy becomes a united nation, which it hadn't been since the fall of the Roman Empire.	122
4263885091	Unification of Germany	started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France	123
4263890544	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Ieyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas	124