Biology(Chapter 4) a tour of the cell Flashcards

9083891119	Robert Hooke	In 1665 he A examined a piece of cork under a crude microscope and identified "little rooms" as cells	0
9083918994	Antoni van Leeuwenhoek	Used more refined lenses to describe living cells from blood, sperm and pond water	1
9099117018	Light Microscope	The first microscopes. Magnified up to 1,000 times	2
9099142479	Resolution	Both human eye and the microscope lenses have limits of ___ -allows us to see objects as separate from one another -just details large enough	3
9099189570	Using LM scientists study,	-microorganisms -animal and plant cells -some structures within cells	4
9099191224	Cell theory	-all tliving things are composed of cells -all cells come from other cells	5
9099198397	Electron Mocroscope	1950's-to view ultrastructure of cells. It uses a beam of electrons aimed at a sample -as small as 2 nanometers -magnify up to 100,000 times	6
9099213539	scanning Electron Microscopes	Show detailed architecture of cell surfaces	7
9099217078	Transmission Electron Microscope	Show details of internal cell structure	8
9099589981	Plasma Membrane	Forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings	9
9099638958	Phospholipid bilayer	Phospholipids form a two layer sheet called ___ in which -hydrophilic heads face outward , exposed to water -hydrophobic tails point onward, shielded from water	10
9099649216	Membrane Proteins	Are embedded in the lipid bolster of a cell': plasma membrane	11
9099780467	Cell size must....	Be large enough to house DNA , proteins and structures needed to survive and reproduce but remain small enough to allow for a surface to volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment -smaller -more surface area	12
9099796075	Prokaryotes	Bacteria Archaea	13
9099807355	Eukaryotes	Animals Plants Fungi Protests	14
9099816203	Prokaryotes (Diagram)	-Bacteria and Archaea only -always microscopic -nucleoid -capsule (sticky outer coat) -cell walls -fimbriae -smaller and simpler	15
9099820589	Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have (Diagram)	-Cytoplasm (interior filled with thick jellylike fluid) -Plasma membrane -DNA and chromosomes -Ribosomes -Flagella (some cells)	16
9099824042	Eukaryotes(diagram)	-Animals , plants, fungi and Protists -larger in size, though some are microscopic -membrane enclosed nucleus -membrane enclosed organelles that perform functions -cilia -cytosol	17
9099868788	Some fungi and all plants also have cell walls but these walls are structurally different from prokaryotic ones.		18
9099884899	Chromosomes	Carry genes made of DNA	19
9099881585	Ribosomes	Tiny structures made of rRNA that make proteins according to instructions from the genes	20
9099901481	Basic Prokaryotic Structure	DNA is coiled into a region called nucleoid (nucleus-like) -no membrane surrounding DNA	21
9099983699	Outside plasma membrane of prokaryote -fairly rigid, chemical complex cell wall which	Protects cell Helps maintain shape	22
9099988037	Some prokaryotes have surface projections	Short projections-Fimbriae -attach prokaryotes Longer Prokaryotes-Flagella -go around liquid	23
9100054626	Eukaryotic Cells 4 basic functions*		24
9100067566	Genetic Control of the Cell *	Nucleus and Ribosomes	25
9100068822	Manufacture, distribution and breakdown of molecules *	Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and perixosomes	26
9100072006	Energy Processing*	Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant and algae cells are involved in ____	27
9100074179	Structural Support , movement and communication between cells*	Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane , cell wall, cell junctions, cilia and flagella	28
9100078693	Internal membranes of eukaryotic cells partition it into compartments		29
9100078694	Cellular metabolism	The many chemical activities of cells, occurs within organelles	30
9100090069	Lysosomes and centrosomes	Not found in plant cells	31
9100097638	Flagella more common in animal sperm cells		32
9100099869	Also plant cells have	-rigid wall cellulose -plasmodesmata, cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells -chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs -central vacuole , a compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals	33
9100108510	Nucleus-genetic instructions	Contains most of Crlls DNA -controls cell activities by making messenger RNA that directs photosynthesis -associated with proteins organized into chromosomes	34
9100111198	Chromatin	When a cell is not dividing, this complex of proteins and DNA called ____ appears as a diffuse mass within the nucleus	35
9100115187	Nuclear Envelopes	The double membrane _____ has pores that -regulate entry and exit of large molecules -connect with the cell's network of membranes called ER	36
9100117442	Nucleolus	-prominent structure in nucleus -site of ribosomal RNA synthesis	37
9100149117	Ribosomes	Are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell	38
9100152814	Free ribosomes....	Suspended in cytoplasm	39
9100153513	Bound ribosomes ...	Attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope	40
9100158868	Endomembrane system	Many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the	41
9100161361	Vesicles	Sacs made of membrane-transfer membrane segments between them -moving products in and out of	42
9100176155	Many of endomembrand organelles interact in the	-synthesusof molecules -distribution of molecules -storage of molecules -export of molecules	43
9100179822	Endomembrane includes...	1. Nuclear envelope 2 ER -largest component of E says -extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules 3. Golgi Apparatus 4. Lysosomes 5. Vacuoles 6. Plasma membrane	44
9100186384	Two kinds of ER	Smooth ER -doesn't have attached ribosomes Rough ER Han bound ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane	45
9100189398	SMOOTH ER involved in metabolic processes like :	1. Production of enzymes important in synthesis of lipids, oils , phospholipids and steroids 2. Production of enzymes help process alcohol drugs and harmful substances 3. Storage of calcium Ions	46
9100202942	Rough ER MAKES	-additional membrane for itself -secretory proteins (proteins destined to be secreted out of cell like hormones)	47
9100209164	golgi Apparatus	Serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER Products such as proteins, enzymes, and carbs	48
9100237126	Products of ER modified as golgi sacs move from one end of the golgi stack to the other		49
9100237127	Vesicles	-similar to soap bubbles -both made of lipids but vesicles in our cells are used for transporting molecules like proteins and carbs	50
9100243170	Lysosomes	Membrane anclosed sac full of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes. -made in the rough ER -processed by the Golgi apparatus	51
9100272757	Lysosomes(function)	1. Fuse with food vacuoles and digest food 2. Destroy bacteria and viruses 3. Fuse with vesicles containing damaged organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell	52
9100289349	Vacuoles	Large vesicles that have a variety of functions - some Protists have contractile vacuoles which help to eliminate water from the protist -regulate water In plants, vacuoles can -have digestive functions -contain pigments -contain poisons that protect plant	53
9100311876	Peroxisomes	Are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system -break down of hydrogen peroxide , other harmful substances , and fatty acids (to be used as cellular fuel)	54
9100325910	Mitochondria	Are organelles that carry out a process called cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells -powerhouse ofcell	55
9100329614	Cellular respiration	Converts the chemical energy in food (usually glucose) into chemical energy called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	56
9100334671	Two internal compartments of mitochondria	1. Intermembrane space is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes 2. Mitochondrial matrix contains: -mitochondrial DNA -ribosomes -many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration	57
9100351820	Cristae	Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane -increase the membrane surface area -enhance mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP	58
9100364313	Photosynthesis	Is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules	59
9100366908	Chloroplasts	Are the photosynthesizung orfanelles of plants and algae (which are the Protista) - are partitioned into compartments Between the outer and inner membrane is a thin intermembrane space	60
9100386684	Stroma	Inside inner membrane is a thick fluid called ____which contains the chloroplast DNA , ribosomes , many enzymes....	61
9100397172	Thylakoids	Network of interconnected sacs called ____ where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy	62
9100399248	Granum	In some regions,thylakoids are stacked like poker chips. Each stack is called ____	63
9100416067	Mitochondria and chloroplasts. It's contain	-their own DNA -their own ribosomes Structure of this DNA and these ribosomes is very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells	64
9100421525	Endosymbiont theory	-mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes -then began living with large -leading to modern eukaryotes	65
9100459238	Cytoskeleton	Cells contain a network of protein fibers called ____ which organize the structures and activities of the cell -mitosis-separate cells	66
9100475984	Microtubules	(Made of tubular- a protein) -shape and support the cell -involved with motility -act as track along with organelles equipped with motor proteins move	67
9100502517	Microtubile proteins assemble long tube like structures and then disassemble these structures when they are no longer needed		68
9100502551	Microtubules in animals	In animal cells microtubules grow out from a region near the nucleus called the center some which contains a pair of centrioles each compose s of a ring of microtubules	69
9100506212	Intermediate Filaments	-found in most animals -reinforce cell shapes and anchor some organelles -often more permanent fixtures in cell	70
9100513741	Microfilaments (aka actin filaments)	-support cell': shape -involved in motility	71
9100524094	Colin and flagella move when microtubules bend		72
9100524723	Cilia	Short numerous appendages that propel Protista such as paramecium -work like oars of a boat	73
9100536760	Flagella	Other Protista may move using ____ longer than cilia And usually limited to one or a few per cell -some cells of multicellular organisms also have cilia or _____	74
9100543161	Flagellum	Longer than cilia propels a cell by an undulating whiplike motion -differences of cilia and flagella exist but have a common structure and mechanism of movement	75
9100550435	Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate Extra cellular Matrix which	1. Helps hold cells together in tissues 2. Protects and supports the plasma membrane	76
9100564289	Integrins	ECM may attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called ____ -span the membrane -attach on the other side to proteins connected to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton	77
9100571262	Three types of cell junctions in animal tissues:	Adjacent cells adhere, interact and communicate through specialized junctions between them Right junction Anchoring junctions (desmosemes) Gap junctions	78
9100575841	Tight junctions	Prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of epithelial cells -lining of intestines	79
9100578701	Anchoring junctions	(Desmosomes) fasten cells together into sheets -nspecialized protein -keratin -anchor fibers	80
9100583242	Gap junctions	Are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein line pores between cells -pass through water and small molecules Help coordinate activities of adjacent cells	81
9100592239	Plant cells but not animal cells have a rigid cell wall that	-protects and provides the skeletal support to keep the plant upright -is primarily composed of cellulose	82
9100595268	Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that allow plants to share	-water -nourishment -chemical messages	83
9100598602	Eukaryotic cell structures -four functions	1. Genetic control 2. Manufacturing , distribution and breakdown of materials 3. Energy processing 4. Structural support, 'movement and intercellular communication	84