chapter 6: tour of the cell Flashcards

4073611526	light microscope	light passes through the specimen and then through the glass lens. The lens then refracts or bends it causing the image to be magnified (x10)	0
4073621305	3 parameters of the microscope	magnification, resolution, contrast	1
4073627402	magnification	ratio of the image size to the real size	2
4073628830	resolution	measure of the clarity of an image, you can distinguish between 2 points of a specimen	3
4073641922	contrast	difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image	4
4073644457	organelles	membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotes	5
4073647468	why is the LM so important	organelles and cells are so small that you can not see them with an unaided eye	6
4073652937	Electron microscope	focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface	7
4073657244	scanning electron microscope	used for detailed study, topography of a specimen	8
4073660451	transmission electron microscope	study the internal structure of cells	9
4073661952	cell fraction	used for studying cell structure and function, takes apart and separates large organelles from subcellular structures	10
4073665420	centrifuge	helps with cell fraction, spins the tubes with cells until the reach to the bottom where you can easily distinguish which cell part it is and what the function is	11
4073670709	2 parts of a cell	prokaryotic and eukaryotic	12
4073674756	Which two domains consist of prokaryote cells?	bacteria and archaea	13
4073676529	eukaryotic	protists, fungi, Animalia and plantae	14
4073680578	Describe the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in the location of their DNA	Ps: nucleoid, not membrane enclosed Es: nucleus, membrane enclosed	15
4073691345	Why are cells so small	Need for surface area. Important in cells that exchange a lot of material with their surroundings	16
4073696897	how are euks and pros similar	-plasma membrane -cytosol -choromosomes -ribosomes	17
4073700849	plasma membrane	selective membrane and that allows only a certain amount of oxygen, waste and nutrients to help keep the cell going	18
4073705657	cytosol	jelly like substance inside, keeps out subcellular things	19
4073707198	chromosomes	where DNA is stored	20
4073715976	cytoplasm	anything in-between the nucleus and plasma membrane	21
4073723114	nucleus (E)	houses most of the cells DNA	22
4073763754	nuclear envelope (E)	houses the nucleus and separates it from the cytosol	23
4073781491	chromatin (E)	the protein that the DNA is made up out of	24
4073815577	ribosomes	responsible for protein synthesis	25
4073817504	what are ribosomes made up of?	ribosomal RNA and proteins	26
4073832415	free ribosomes	floating in the cytoplasm	27
4073834048	bound ribosomes	attached to the ER or the outside of the nuclear envelope	28
4073963317	vesicles	sacs made up of membrane	29
4073965415	endomembrane system	regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell	30
4088619694	nucleoplasm	gel like substance that chromatin is wrapped in	31
4088623790	nuclear envelope	has two membranes (outer and inner)	32
4088624325	what does each membrane in a nuclear envelope have	a phospholipid bilayer	33
4088625681	phospholipid bilayer	made up of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads	34
4088626557	hydrophobic tails	fears water, faces inward	35
4088626767	hydrophilic head	likes water, faces outward	36
4088627429	microvilli	increases a cells surface area and absorbs nutrients from digested food	37
4088629138	cytoskeleton	supports cell shape	38
4088629585	flagella	helps bacteria move	39
4088630154	DNA in a eukaryotic cell vs a prokaryotic cell	E=linear P=circular	40
4088653721	what is a ribosome made out of	RNA and proteins and two RNA subunits (small and large)	41
4088667489	mRNA	(messenger RNA) carries genetic (DNA) information from nucleus to ribosomes	42
4088669162	RNA	ribonucleic acid	43
4088669326	RNA function	protein synthesis	44
4088673006	translation in eukaryotes	ribosomes get their protein synthesis information	45
4092133134	DNA-->mRNA happens where	nucleus	46
4092133348	DNA-->mRNA is called what	transcription	47
4092133777	mRNA-->protein happens where	ribosome	48
4092134109	mRNA--->protein is called what	translation	49
4092134543	cytosol vs cytoplasm	cytosol=fluid between organelles cytoplasm=everything INSIDE the cell	50
4092135279	maturation	when the protein inside the Golgi apparatus gets ready for transport	51
4092186129	vacuoles	storage compartment	52
4092186865	lysosome are in	animal cells	53
4092187121	lysosome	membrane bound structure where things go to be recycled	54
4097334714	pancreatic cell	secrete digestive enzymes which go to the small intestine and break down nutrients from food	55
4097376052	main role of endomembrane system	export proteins from cell	56
4097436231	vesicles	(little spheres of membrane than can bud off from one membrane and fuse with another	57
4097440670	golgi apparatus	shipping center	58
4097445504	ER	where certain proteins and lipids are synthesized	59
4097451432	endomembrane functions	modification, packaging, and transport of proteins	60
4097457557	lumen	space inside the ER	61
4097459083	cisternae	sacs inside the ER (comes in flat stacks)	62
4097537745	important role of rough ER	synthezise new phospholipids for the membrane	63
4097539177	what does synthesize mean	to make	64
4097552427	glycolipids	lipids with a carbohydrate group attached to it	65
4097612115	how many functions are there for smooth ER	3	66
4097613943	1st smooth er function	1. produce lipids, glycolipds, phosopholipids, steroids and cholesterol	67
4097617815	2nd smooth er function	detox (drugs and other harmful substances)	68
4097619113	3rd smooth er function	storage of calcium ions	69
4097633394	transitional ER	does not have any ribosomes located where vesicles bud off from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus	70
4097647215	what is the golgi apparatus made up of	cisternae	71
4097655734	nickname for golgi apparatus	post office	72
4097655735	function of golgi app	proteins are modified, tagged and sorted before they reach their final destination	73
4097680830	nickname for lysosomes	recycling center	74
4097786022	autophagy	the process where the enzymes in lysosomes break down a cells old, damaged proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids----->usuable components that can be reused	75
4097806594	endocytosis	digesting particles that were brought from outside of the cells	76
4097835355	contractile vacuoles	pumps excess water out of the cell and maintains a water balance	77
4097836684	vacuoles are located where	mostly in plant cells, but they can be found in animal cells...SOMETIMES	78
4099855796	mitochondria nickname	powerhouse	79
4099857588	mitochondria	responsible for creating ATP or energy	80
4099858826	mitochondria structure	-outer membrane -phospholipid bilayer -porins -inner membrane -matrix -intermembrane space	81
4099860204	porins	tunnel proteins forms holes on the outer membrane only allows small molecules, like sugar and ions, to pass passively but not large ones.	82
4099877880	crista	the folds in the mitochondria	83
4099878703	matrix	inside inner membrane	84
4099880222	inter membrane space	space between inner and outer membrane	85
4100035251	chloroplasts	carry out photosynthesis	86
4100035773	photosynthesis	light energy into usable energy and oxygen	87
4100036425	thylakoids	membrane disks in center oh chloroplast	88
4100038516	thylakoid space	empty space in thylakoids	89
4100040504	stroma	fluid space in thylakoids	90
4100042039	in a chloroplast where are dna and ribosomes found	stroma	91
4106868399	Endosymbiont Theory	basically that the mitochondria and chloroplast were once free-living prokaryotes with fully functioning metabolic properties. they were once engulfed by eukaryotes and instead of being digested they formed a mutually beneficial relationship	92
4106985699	what is the function of the peroxisomes	The breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of alcohol in the liver.	93
4106987551	what do peroxisomes produce	hydrogen peroxide H2O2	94
4107091700	three proteins in eukaryotic cells that make up the cytoskeleton	microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules	95
4107288015	microfilament	a fiber composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction	96
4107289354	actin	actin a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells	97
4107292828	microtubule	a small protein fiber composed of tubulin that is found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that makes up the cytoskeleton, and plays a role in cell structure and movement	98
4107298697	centrosome	in the cytoplasm of animal cells that is important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center	99
4107301730	flagellum	long, hair like, used to move an entire cell	100
4107366400	myosin	a type of protein filament that acts as a motor protein to cause cell contraction	101
4107367850	intermediate filament	a component of the cytoskeleton made of keratin proteins that are specialized for bearing tension, reinforcing the shape of a cell, and fixing the position of certain organelles	102
4107527486	ECM	extracellular matrix	103
4107528870	extracellular matrix	the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells	104
4107553467	proteoglycan	a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrates	105
4107576793	cell wall	in plants, a protective outer coat that surrounds, protects and gives the cell shape	106
4107578676	cellulose,	major component in plant cells it is a polysaccharide made up of beta glucose monomers.	107
4107583035	Why is cellulose important? what is it used for?	Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls and provides rigidity to the plant cell.	108
4107732873	gap junction	an intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules between cells; also called communicating junctions	109
4107739548	tight junctions	a water tight seal between 2 animal cells	110