Biochemistry Flashcards

5948884038	mass of one proton	1 "gram" (actually 9.11 x 10 to the -28 power grams)	0
5948894602	mass of one neutron	1 "gram" (actually 9.11 x 10 to the -28 power grams)	1
5948897825	mass of one electron	"0"	2
5948913955	how many protons/neutrons in one mole?	6.02 x 10 to the 23 power (not that you have to know that...)	3
5948920542	charge of proton	positive	4
5948922871	charge of neutron	neutral	5
5948922872	charge of electron	negative	6
5948924907	location of proton	nucleus	7
5948924908	location of neutron	nucleus	8
5948926904	location of electron	outside nucleus	9
5948929694	atomic number	the number found in the upper right corner of an element's label; gives the number of protons ( = electrons if the atom is neutral)	10
5948935092	atomic mass	the number found in the bottom of an element's label; gives the number of protons and neutrons combined	11
5948951856	ionic bonds	transfer of electrons to form a bond (strong); one atom gives an electron to another, so the original is now positive and the 2nd one is negative; opposites attract, so they join	12
5948956059	covalent bonds	sharing electrons to form a bond (strong)	13
5948963849	what is a bond made up of?	2 electrons	14
5948968382	polar covalent bond	uneven sharing of electrons to form an unbalanced charge (e.g. water)	15
5949073470	ATP	Energy!!!	16
5948995070	what are the 3 functional groups of organic compounds?	-hydroxyl -carboxyl acid -amino	17
5949061453	what is an organic compound	-any carbon-based compound -functional group contains a carbon chain (3 carbons long) which is saturated with H, plus other elements attached	18
5949052962	hydroxyl	-found in carbs like sugar and starch -R - OH -functional group is OH	19
5949088939	carboxyl acid	-found in fats (lipids) and amino acids -functional group is a carbon attached with a double bond and O above, and OH to the right	20
5949099062	amino	-an organic (carbon-based) compound -found in amino acids -functional group is an N attached which splits into 2 H	21
5949159447	carbohydrates are composed of ___ and ___	sugars and starch	22
5949159448	monosaccharide	-"one sugar" -simple sugar	23
5949167733	3 monosaccharide types	-glucose (blood sugar- most common) -fructose (chocolate) -galactose	24
5949169561	monosaccharide formula	C6 H12 O6	25
5949211204	disaccharide	-"2 sugar" -when 2 monos combine	26
5949214816	3 disaccharides	-sucrose (table sugar) -maltose (malt) -lactose (milk)	27
5949224570	makeup of sucrose	glucose + fructose	28
5949226836	makeup of maltose	glucose + glucose	29
5949230317	makeup of lactose	glucose + galactose	30
5949233264	how do we digest disaccharides?	we add H2O to each bond, which breaks them apart so we can digest the 2 monos	31
5949239801	polysaccharides	-3 or more monosaccharides -provide an energy source and structural support	32
5949244839	2 examples of polysaccharide in plants	-starch (hundreds of glucose molecules combined; provides energy) -cellulose (fiber; hundreds of glucose molecules bonded together, but differently than starch; provides structure of cell walls [indigestible to humans])	33
5949268526	what's the enzyme that breaks the bonds of starch?	amylase	34
5956374601	2 examples of polysaccharides in animals	-glycogen to store energy in liver and muscle cells -chitin is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and provides strength and protection (structure)	35
5956403811	lipids	-animal body fat -can be used as a source of energy	36
5956407198	formation of a lipid molecule (fat)	-triglyceride	37
5956413555	triglyceride	3 fatty acids combine with a 3-carbon alcohol glycerol	38
5956449428	fat	-triglyceride that is solid at room temp -made up of saturated fatty acids -saturated with hydrogen	39
5959312976	examples of fat (saturated)	animals like pigs, cows, deer, etc	40
5959316724	oil	-triglyceride that is liquid at room temp -made up of unsaturated fatty acids	41
5959324519	examples of oil (unsaturated fatty acids)	plants, fish, and fowl	42
5959344408	___ is converted to ___ in the process of hydrogenating unsaturated fats	cis fat and trans fat	43
5959360810	process of hydrogenating unsaturated fats	-heat -cis fat is the original fat found in plants; missing 2 H -heat flips one of the Hydrogens to form trans fat	44
5959384813	which is less healthy, trans fat or cis fat? why?	trans fat is less healthy. it's linked with plaque build up in blood and the hardening of arteries, which leads to heart attacks or strokes	45
5959411182	LDL	-low density lipoprotein -carries cholesterol to the cell -bad connotation--increases heart disease	46
5959433934	HDL	-high density lipoprotein -carries cholesterol to liver for excretion	47
5959465673	___ increases the ratio of LDL to HDL	saturated fat -this is bad because LDLs are less healthy (heart problems)	48
5959462280	function of a protein	-supply building blocks to synthesize new body parts, like skin -provide cellular energy if there are no carbs or lipids present	49
5959491565	how many amino acid types are there?	20	50
5959493597	what bond joins 2 amino acids?	peptide bond	51
5959496191	what element is taken out when 2 amino acids join?	H2O	52
5959499061	what does "R" stand for?	a carbon chain (variable)	53
5959502250	what are enzymes made up of	protein	54
5959502252	catalyst	-a compound that will increase the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed -it's reusable	55
5959506314	enzyme	-a type of catalyst -we make them- found in our bodies -lowers activation energy	56
5959514024	suffix indicating an enzyme	-ase -e.g. amylase, catalase, protease	57
5959516168	activation energy	the minimum energy required to start a particular chemical reaction	58