AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

6685198788	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
6685198789	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
6685198790	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
6685198791	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
6685198792	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
6685198793	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
6685198794	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
6685198795	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
6685198796	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
6685198797	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
6685198801	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	10
6685198802	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	11
6685198803	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	12
6685198804	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	13
6685198805	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	14
6685198806	experimental method	does show cause and effect	15
6685198807	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	16
6685198808	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	17
6685198809	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	18
6685198810	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	19
6685198811	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	20
6685198812	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	21
6685198813	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	22
6685198814	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	23
6685198815	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	24
6685198816	theory	general idea being tested	25
6685198817	hypothesis	measurable/specific	26
6685198818	operational definition	procedures that explain components	27
6685198819	mode	appears the most	28
6685198820	mean	average	29
6685198821	median	middle	30
6685198822	range	highest - lowest	31
6685198823	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	32
6685198824	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	33
6685198825	bell curve	(natural curve)	34
6685198828	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	35
6685198829	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	36
6685198830	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	37
6685198831	neuron		38
6685198832	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	39
6685198833	myelin sheath	protects the axon	40
6685198834	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	41
6685198835	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	42
6685198836	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	43
6685198837	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	44
6685198838	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	45
6685198839	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	46
6685198840	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	47
6685198841	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	48
6685198842	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	49
6685198843	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	50
6685198844	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	51
6685198846	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	52
6685198847	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	53
6685198848	master gland	pituitary gland	54
6685198849	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	55
6685198853	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	56
6685198854	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	57
6685198855	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	58
6685198857	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	59
6685198860	hippocampus	process new memory	60
6685198861	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	61
6685198863	association areas	integrate and interpret information	62
6685198864	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	63
6685198865	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	64
6685198866	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	65
6685198867	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	66
6685198868	occipital lobe	vision	67
6685198869	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	68
6685198870	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	69
6685198871	Broca's area	speaking words	70
6685198872	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	71
6685198873	sensation	what our senses tell us	72
6685198874	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	73
6685198875	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	74
6685198876	top-down processing	brain to senses	75
6685198877	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	76
6685198878	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	77
6685198879	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	78
6685198880	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	79
6685198881	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	80
6685198882	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	81
6685198883	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	82
6685198884	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	83
6685198885	rods	night time	84
6685198886	cones	color	85
6685198887	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	86
6685198888	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	87
6685198889	opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	88
6685198893	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	89
6685198896	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	90
6685198903	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	91
6685198904	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	92
6685198910	insomnia	can't sleep	93
6685198911	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	94
6685198912	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	95
6685198918	depressants	slows neural pathways	96
6685198919	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	97
6685198920	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	98
6685198921	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	99
6685198922	stimulants	hypes neural processing	100
6685198923	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	101
6685198924	caffeine	((stimulant))	102
6685198925	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	103
6685198926	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	104
6685198927	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	105
6685198928	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	106
6685198929	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	107
6685198930	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	108
6685198964	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	109
6685198967	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	110
6685198971	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	111
6685198975	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	112
6685198977	encoding	information going in	113
6685198978	storage	keeping information in	114
6685198979	retrieval	taking information out	115
6685198980	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	116
6685198981	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	117
6685198982	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	118
6685198986	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	119
6685198988	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	120
6685198989	implicit memory	naturally do	121
6685198990	explicit memory	need to explain	122
6685198991	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	123
6685198992	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	124
6685198993	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	125
6685198994	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	126
6685198995	primacy effect	remember the first things in a list	127
6685198996	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	128
6685198998	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	129
6685199000	misinformation effect	not correct information	130
6685199002	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	131
6685199003	priming	association (setting you up)	132
6685199005	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	133
6685199006	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	134
6685199009	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	135
6685199010	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	136
6685199016	mental set	what has worked in the past	137