APES Friedland Chapter 2 Flashcards

7480830156	matter	anything that occupies space and has mass	0
7480830157	mass	a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains	1
7480830158	atom	the smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element	2
7480830159	element	a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components	3
7480830160	periodic table	a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties	4
7480830161	molecule	a particle that contains more than one atom	5
7480830162	compound	a molecule containing more than one element	6
7480830163	atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom	7
7480830164	mass number	a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element	8
7480830165	isotopes	atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons	9
7480830166	radioactive decay	the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes	10
7480830167	half-life	the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay	11
7480830168	covalent bond	the bond formed when elements share electrons	12
7480830169	ionic bond	a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions	13
7480830170	hydrogen bond	a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom or another molecule	14
7480830171	polar molecule	a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative	15
7480830172	energy	the ability to do work or transfer heat	16
7480830173	electromagnetic radiation	a form of energy emitted by the sun that includes but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy	17
7480830174	photon	a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light	18
7480830175	joule	the amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second	19
7480830176	potential energy	stored energy that has not been released	20
7480830177	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	21
7480830178	chemical energy	potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds	22
7480830179	temperature	the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance	23
7480830180	first law of thermodynamics	a physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another	24
7480830181	second law of thermodynamics	a physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished	25
7480830182	energy efficiency	the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system	26
7480830183	energy quality	the ease with which an energy source can be used for work	27
7480830184	entropy	disorder/randomness in a system	28
7480830185	open system	a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries.	29
7480830186	closed system	exchange of matter or energy does not occur across system boundaries. Ex: Matter on Earth continuously recycles	30
7480830187	output	a loss from a system	31
7480830188	input	an addition to a system	32
7480830189	system analysis	looks at inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions	33
7480830190	steady state	a state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time	34
7480830191	feedback	adjustment to input or output caused by change	35
7480830192	negative feedback loops	a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring	36
7480830193	positive feedback loops	a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified	37
7480830194	weight	the force that results from gravity acting on mass	38
7480830195	surface tension	cohesion of water molecules creates stretchy surface layer	39
7480830196	capillary action	cohesion and adhesion of water molecules pulls them along a surface or up a tube	40
7480830197	conservation of matter	matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another	41
7480830198	organic compound	a compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds	42
7480830199	inorganic molecules	a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydroget	43
7480830200	power	rate at which work is done	44
7480830201	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	45
7480830202	potential energy	stored energy that has not been released	46
7480830203	energy efficiency	the ratio of the amount of energy expended in the four you want to the total amount of energy that is included in the system	47
7480830204	open System	exchange of matter or energy occur across system boundaries	48
7480830205	natural law	phenomenon which has been rigorously tested and to which there are no known exceptions	49
7480830206	macromolecules	carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids	50
7480830207	acid	a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution	51
7480830208	base	a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution	52
7480830209	pH	the number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance	53
7480830210	chemical reaction	a reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules	54
7480830211	carbohydrate	a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms	55
7480830212	protein	a critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids	56
7480830213	nucleic acid	organic compounds found in all living cells	57
7480830214	DNA	a nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring	58
7480830215	RNA	a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins	59
7480830216	lipid	a smaller organic biological molecule that does not mix with water	60
7480830217	cell	a highly organized living entity that consists of four types of macromolecules and other substances in a water solution, surrounded by a membrane	61