APES - Chapter 8 Flashcards

7746479507	Core	the innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer.	0
7746479508	Mantle	the layer of Earth above the core, containing magma.	1
7746479509	Magma	molten rock	2
7746479510	Asthenosphere	the layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock.	3
7746479511	Lithosphere	the outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust.	4
7746479512	Crust	In geology, the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere.	5
7746479513	Hot spot	In geology, a place where molten material from Earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere.	6
7746479514	Plate tectonics	the theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion.	7
7746479515	Tectonic cycle	The sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere.	8
7746479516	Subduction	the processes of one crustal plate passing under another.	9
7746479517	Volcano	a vent in the surface of the Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava.	10
7746479518	Divergent plate boundary	an area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other.	11
7746479519	Seafloor spreading	the formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth's mantle to the surface.	12
7746479520	Convergent plate boundary	an area where plates move toward one another and collide.	13
7746479521	Transform fault boundary	an area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other.	14
7746479522	Fault	a fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth's crust.	15
7746479523	Seismic activity	the frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time.	16
7746479524	Fault zone	a large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred.	17
7746479525	Earthquake	the sudden movement of Earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at Earth's surface.	18
7746479526	Epicenter	the exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake.	19
7746479527	Richter scale	a scale that measure the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake.	20
7746479528	Rock cycle	the geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes.	21
7746479529	Igneous rock	rock formed directly from magma.	22
7746479530	Intrusive igneous rock	igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground.	23
7746479531	Extrusive igneous rock	rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth.	24
7746479532	Fracture	In geology, a crack occurs in rock as it cools.	25
7746479533	Sedimentary rock	rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments.	26
7746479534	Metamorphic rock	rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high pressure and temperature.	27
7746479535	Chemical weathering	the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolvingof chemical elements from rocks, or both.	28
7746479536	Acid precipitation	precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atomosphere. Also known as Acid rain	29
7746479537	Physical Weathering	the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals	30
7746479538	Erosion	the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem.	31
7746479539	Parent material	the rock material from which the inorganic components of soil are derived.	32
7746479540	Soil degration	the loss of some or all of a soil's ability to support plant growth.	33
7746479541	Horizon	a horizontal layer in soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color.	34
7746479542	O horizon	the organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition.	35
7746479543	A horizon	frequently the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together. Also known as topsoil.	36
7746479544	E horizon	a zone of leaching, or elevation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon, or less often, the A horizon.	37
7746479545	B horizon	a soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter.	38
7746479546	C horizon	the least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material.	39
7746479547	Cation exchange capacity (CEC)	the ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations.	40
7746479548	Base saturation	the proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage.	41
7746479549	Crustal abundance	the average concentration of an element in Earth's crust.	42
7746479550	Ore	a concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted	43
7746479551	Metal	an element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions.	44
7746479552	Reserve	in resource management, the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered.	45
7746479553	Strip mining	the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore.	46
7746479554	Mining spoils	unwanted waste material created during mining. Also known as Tailings	47
7746479555	Open-pit mining	a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground	48
7746479556	Mountaintop removal	a mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives.	49
7746479557	Placer mining	the process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments.	50
7746479558	Subsurface mining	mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 meters (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.	51