AP World Period 4 Flashcards

5163863459	African Diaspora	Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.	0
5163863460	Akbar	The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.	1
5163863461	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor (r. 1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy.	2
5163863462	Benin	West African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade.	3
5163863463	Bhakti	Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine.	4
5163863464	cartaz	A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean.	5
5163863465	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.	6
5163863466	Columbian exchange	The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.	7
5163863467	conquistadores	Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.	8
5163863468	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter- Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses	9
5163863469	creoles	Spaniards born in the Americas.	10
5163863470	Dahomey	West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.	11
5163863471	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.	12
5163863472	Darwin, Charles	Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.	13
5163863473	deism	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs.	14
5163863474	devshirme	The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.	15
5163863475	Edict of Nantes	Issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion.	16
5163863476	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.	17
5163863477	Freud, Sigmund	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	18
5163863478	Galilei, Galileo	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church.	19
5163863479	Huguenots	The Protestant minority in France.	20
5163863480	Jesuits in China	Series of missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success.	21
5163863481	Little Ice Age	A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.	22
5163863482	Luther, Martin	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe	23
5163863483	Manila	Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.	24
5163863484	Marx, Karl	German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism.	25
5163863485	mestizo	Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.	26
5163863486	Middle Passage	Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.	27
5163863487	Mulattoes	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.	28
5163863488	Ninety-five Theses	List of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.	29
5163863489	peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.	30
5163863490	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone."	31
5163863491	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method.	32
5163863492	settler colonies	Areas in which colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of North America.	33
5163863493	shogun	In Japan, a supreme military commander.	34
5163863494	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.	35
5163863495	silver drain	Term often used to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets	36
5163863496	soft gold	Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it	37
5163863497	Thirty Years' War	Highly destructive war that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia	38
5163863498	trading post empire	Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.	39
5163863499	Voltaire	Pen name of the French philosopher François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion.	40
5163863500	Wahhabi Islam	Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law).	41
5163863501	yasak	Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs.	42