AP World History Chapter 19 Flashcards

5915545781	Audiencia	hearing (trial)	0
5915545782	Macio Serra		1
5915545783	Bartolomeo de las Casas	16th Century Spanish Historian, Dominican Friar, "Protector of the Indians;" opposed atrocities by colonizers on Indigenous people	2
5915545785	New Granada	Country created when South Americans under the leadership of Simon Bolivar, won their independence from Spain. Viceroyalty that included Columbia and Ecuador	3
5915545786	Consulado	Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return.	4
5915545787	Encomendero	The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church.	5
5915545788	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	6
5915545789	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).	7
5915545790	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	8
5915545791	Huancavelica	Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí.	9
5915545792	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.	10
5915545793	Jose de Galvez	Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government	11
5915545794	Letrados	University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions.	12
5915545795	Paulistas	Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century.	13
5915545796	Rio de la Plata	estuary where the Parana River empties into the Atlantic Ocean	14
5915545797	Bernardino de Sahagun	spanish missionary who helped to preserve the Mexican history before the arrival the spanish/ things such as language, customs, literature, and history	15
5915545798	Treaty of Tordesillas	A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.	16
5915545799	Treaty of Utrecht	The treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession and stopped Louis XIV's attempts to gain more land for France, defending the balance of power.	17
5915545800	War of the Spanish	The last of Louis XIV's wars involving the issue of succession to the Spanish throne and culminating in the Peace of Utrecht (1701-1713)	18
5915545801	Succession	Order in which the office of president is filled if it becomes vacant before an election	19
5915545802	Sociedad de castas	American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle.	20
5915545803	Casa de contraction	was a government agency of the Spanish Empire, existing from the 16th to the 18th centuries, which attempted to control all Spanish exploration and colonization.	21
5915545804	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763.	22
5915545805	Recopilación	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies	23
5915545806	Potosi	Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.	24
5915545807	haciendas	Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants	25
5915545808	Caribbean	First era of Spanish exploration and settlement, served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience. encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.	26
5915545809	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541.	27
5915545810	Pedro Cieza de Leon	A Spanish conquistador and chronicler of Peru; known primarily for his history and description of Peru	28
5915545811	Sancho Panza	Who is quixotes foil (opposite)	29
5915545812	Taino people	People who were enslaved and forced to mine for gold and convert to Christianity, or else they'd be treated cruelly	30
5915545813	Santiago	Capital of Chile	31
5915545814	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.	32
5915545815	galleons	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.	33
5915545816	Habsburg Monarchy	for 60 years (1580-1640) Spain and Portugal ruled by the same monarchs, a situation that promoted their cooperation and gave the Habsburg kings of Spain and Portugal a worldwide empire	34
5915545817	Juan Gines de Sepulveda	The Spanish scholar who argued that Indians were not fully human and thus enslaving them was acceptable.	35
5915545819	Minas Gerais	Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior were gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush.	36
5915545820	peninsulares	Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.	37
5915545821	corregidores	royal officials of Spain who governed towns and set up law courts	38
5915545822	Diego de Landa	16h Century missionary. Wrote about the maya providing us with valuable resources; unfortunately, he also burned all but 4 of the Maya's written works	39
5915545823	creoles	Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.	40
5915545824	enlightened despotism	Absolute rule justifies not on grounds of heredity or divine right. Secular in outlook and justification, as in Frederick the Great's self-description as "the first servant of the state." Used to rationalize and organize the state from the top down during the Age of the Enlightenment. Other example is Joseph II of Austria	41
5915545825	Marquis of Pombal	Prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.	42
5915545826	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution.	43
5915545827	capitancies	Administrative positions in the Portuguese government	44
5915545828	comunero revolt	One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.	45
5915545829	Antilles	Two chains of islands in the Caribbean, the Lesser and Greater Antilles.	46
5915545830	Granada	The last surviving Islamic outpost in Spain was	47
5915545831	Hispaniola	First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.	48
5915545832	New Spain	-Spain's tightly controlled empire in the New World	49
5915545833	Phillip of Anjou	Became king of Spain as result of War of Spanish Sucession grandson of Louis 14 (settled by Peace of Utrech)	50
5915545834	potosi	Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.	51
5915545835	Cuzco	The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru	52