Chapter 29: Plant Diversity 1 - How Plants Colonized Land Flashcards

6584352138	What existed 1.2 Billion years ago?	Cyanobacteria and Protists	0
6584356597	What happened 500 Million years ago?	small plants, fungi, and animals appear	1
6584360372	What happened 385 Million years ago?	All plants, including aquatic plants appear	2
6584363230	What are photosynthetic protist?	Algae	3
6584371853	Where did land plants evolve from?	Green Algae called Charophytes	4
6584383564	If land plants share many characteristics with other algae, what 3 things make green algae so special?	- Circular rings of proteins in plasma membrane - Flagellated sperm structure - phragmoplast	5
6584393019	Describe what Charophytes and land plants have in common in terms of protein	Both land plants and charophytes have circular rings of proteins in plasma membrane to make cellulose for cell walls. Other non-charphyotes algae have linear proteins.	6
6584800247	Describe what charophytes and land plants have in common in terms of sperm structure	Some land plants have flagellated sperm structure similar to charophytes' flagellated sperm.	7
6584812867	Describe what charophytes and land plants have in common in terms of phragmoplast	Both land plants and charophytes have a group of microtubules called phragmoplast formed in the middle of their daughter cells when the cell divides. Phragmoplast give rise to cell plate that separates the 2 daughter cells.	8
6584828916	Are land plants descended from charophytes?	Technically no. But they are closely related. But plants are descended from even more ancestral algae	9
6584854832	How did land plants evolve from charophytes?	- Evolution favors algae that survive long periods of droughts, and charophytes have a layer of polymer called sporopollenin that protects zygotes from drying out. - This provide land plants to live above water and subsequently, plants are able to conquer land.	10
6584893479	What are pros and cons of living on land?	Pros - Abundant sun light - Rich nutrients in soil - More CO2 Cons - Lack of water - Gravity can bend plants structure	11
6584906698	List how the derived traits that make plants different from charophyte	- Alternation of generation - Muticellular, dependent embryos - Walled spores produced in sporangia - Multicellular gametangia - Apical Meristem	12
6584933706	Describe Alternation of Generation and state which organisms have this	- It is altering between sporophyte and gametophyte - All land plants and some algaue (exclude charophytes) have alternation of generation	13
6584949190	What is gametophyte?What is its ploidy?	It is a gamete-producing part of a plant using mitosis to produce eggs or sperm. Gametophyte makes gamete, so it is haploid (n)	14
6584958771	What is sporophyte? What is its ploidy?	Sporophyte is a spore-producing part of a plant using meiosis to make spores. Sporophyte is diploid.	15
6584996051	Draw the cycle of Alternation of Generation in Fern		16
6585010522	Describe Multicellular, Dependent Embryos	- Plant embryos are protected by parent tissues from harsh enviornment - Embryos get nutrients such as amino acids and sugars using placental transfer cells to allow transfer of nutrients through wall ingrowths (plasma membrane and cell wall) - Embryos are made from zygotes - Land plants are thus called embryophytes thanks to embryos.	17
6585067082	Describe Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia	- Spore walls are made of polymer sporopollenin, thus spores are tough and can resis harsh enviornment - Spores can be dispersed through dry air without harm	18
6585073287	Describe sporangia	- Sporangia is an organ of sporophyte, a section of a plant, that produces spores	19
6585090031	Describe sporocyte	Sporocytes are diploid cells inside sporangia and make spores using meiosis to make haploid spores.	20
6585098784	Describe the overall picture of walled spores	Sporocyte > Sporangia > Sporocyte > Spores (with walls)	21
6585115008	Charophytes lack what compared to Sporophyte?	Charophytes lack walled spores and sporangia	22
6585159514	Describe Multicellular Gametagia	Gametangia is an organ of gametophyte	23
6585162767	What is female gametangia called?	Archegonia (an organ that produces eggs)	24
6585165708	What is male gametangia called?	Antheridia (an organ that produces sperm)	25
6585171435	How does antheridia and archegonia interact?	Antheridia releases sperm to egg inside archegonia. Egg will then fertilize.	26
6585181380	Describe Apical Meristem	- Apical meristem are regions of cell division at tips of roots and shoots - Meristems help stationary plants grow roots and shoots - Shoot apical meristem create leaves - Apical meristem make outer epidermis (group of cells that protect plant body)	27
6585219299	Besides the 5 dominated traits, what are other derived traits?	Cuticle and Stomata	28
6585220253	What is a cuticle?	- A cuticle is a cover of epidermis that is made up of wax and polymers - Protect water loss and prevent from microbial attacks in plants	29
6585242734	What is stomata?	Specilized pores that facilitate exchange of CO2 and O2 and photoynthesis	30
6585259191	What happens to stomata in hot, dry conditions?	Stomata closes to minimize water loss	31
6585263561	How did early plants, which lack roots and leaves, survive harsh land conditions?	- They form symbiotic relationships with a fungi called mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae extend its filaments into soil to obtain nutrients and transfer to plants.	32
6585287666	What evidence suggest land plants evolved from algae?	- Spores in early land plants match today's plant spores in chemical compositions - Structure of spore walls also match to some land plants(liverworts)	33
6600374542	Memorize the table of 10 phyla of Extant (surviving members) Plant		34