Campbell - Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Flashcards

How did plants colonize land? Find out the answer to this and many more questions in this stunning 2-part series.

4641953170	thin coatings of these organisms existed on land about 1.2 billion years ago	cyanobacteria	0
4641953171	cyanobacteria first appeared on earth approximately this many bya	1.2	1
4641953172	within the last ___ million years, small plants as well as animals and fungi joined cyanobacteria ashore	500	2
4641953173	about this many mya, some plants grew much taller, forming forests	370	3
4641953174	green algae called these are the closest relatives of land plants	charophytes	4
4641953175	these are the four characteristics that charophytes share with land plants: rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes, peroxisome enzymes, flagellated sperm, and ___	phragmoplasts	5
4641953176	these are the four characteristics that charophytes share with land plants: rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes, peroxisome enzymes, ___, and phragmoplasts	flagellated sperm	6
4641953177	these are the four characteristics that charophytes share with land plants: rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes, ___, flagellated sperm, and phragmoplasts	peroxisome enzymes	7
4641953178	these are the four characteristics that charophytes share with land plants: ___, peroxisome enzymes, flagellated sperm, and phragmoplasts	rosette-shaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes	8
4641953179	the rosette-shaped complexes in the plasma membranes of charophytes and land plants synthesize cellulose ___	microfibrils	9
4641953180	noncharophyte algae have ___ arrays of cellulose-synthesizing protein complexes	linear	10
4641953181	these organelles in land plants and charophytes contain enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of photorespiration	peroxisomes	11
4641953182	peroxisomes in land plants and charophytes contain enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of this process	photorespiration	12
4641953183	this is a group of microtubules that forms between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell	phragmoplast	13
4641953184	this develops in the middle of the phragmoplast across the midline of the dividing cell	cell plate	14
4641953185	the cell plate develops in the middle of this structure	phragmoplast	15
4641953186	the cell plate gives rise to a new ___ that separates the daughter cells	cross wall	16
4641953187	these two genera are the closest living relatives of land plants	Chara, Coleochaete	17
4641953188	this is a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out	sporopollenin	18
4641953189	many biologists equate the kingdom Plantae with these	embryophytes	19
4641953190	this is the formal name of the taxon of plants that have embryos	Plantae	20
4641953191	chlorophytes, charophytes, and embryophytes all exist within this kingdom	Viridiplantae	21
4641953192	Viridiplantae is composed of these three types of "plants"	Chlorophytes, Charophytes, Embryophytes	22
4641953193	Charophytes and Embryophytes make up this kingdom	Streptophyta	23
4641953194	Streptophyta consists of these two types of "plants"	Charophytes, Embryophytes	24
4641953195	the four derived traits of land plants are alternation of generations, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, and ___	apical meristems	25
4641953196	the four derived traits of land plants are alternation of generations, walled spores produced in sporangia, ___, and apical meristems	multicellular gametangia	26
4641953197	the four derived traits of land plants are alternation of generations, ___, multicellular gametangia, and apical meristems	walled spores produced in sporangia	27
4641953198	the four derived traits of land plants are ___, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, and apical meristems	alternation of generations	28
4641953199	these are the two generations of multicellular land plants	gametophytes, sporophytes	29
4641953200	does alternation of generations occur in some algae? does it occur in charophytes? (separate answers by "and")	yes and no	30
4641953201	this is the haploid land plant generation	gametophyte	31
4641953202	this is the diploid land plant generation	sporophyte	32
4641953203	the gametophyte produces gametes through ___	mitosis	33
4641953204	the sporophyte produces spores through ___	meiosis	34
4641953205	these are reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell, in land plants	spores	35
4641953206	in seed plants, the ___ are microscopic	gametophytes	36
4641953207	this process unites gametes, forming the sporophyte	fertilization	37
4641953208	plant embryos have these cells, which enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo	placental transfer (cells)	38
4641953209	these are sometimes present in maternal tissue adjacent to a plant embryo	placental transfer cells	39
4641953210	the sporophyte has these organs that produce the spores	sporangia	40
4641953211	within a sporanguim, these undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores	sporocytes	41
4641953212	sporocytes are ___loid	dip	42
4641953213	the production of gametes occurs within these multicellular organs	gametangia	43
4641953214	the female gametangia are called these	archegonia	44
4641953215	the male gametangia are called these	antheridia	45
4641953216	these are localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots	apical meristems	46
4641953217	this structure, produced at apical meristems, protects the body of the plant	outer epidermis	47
4641953218	leaves are generated by these in most plants	shoot apical meristems	48
4641953219	the epidermis of land plants has this covering, which consists of polyester and wax polymers	cuticle	49
4641953220	these two polymers make up the cuticle	polyester, wax	50
4641953221	this structure acts as waterproofing and microbial protection in land plants	cuticle	51
4641953222	without roots, plants formed symbiotic associations with fungi called these	mycorrhizae	52
4641953223	land plants produce these molecules that are the product of secondary metabolic pathways	secondary compounds	53
4641953224	examples of these include alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and phenolics such as flavonoids	secondary compounds	54
4641953225	these three secondary compound classes help defend against herbivores and parasites	alkaloids, terpenes, tannins	55
4641953226	these are examples of a phenolic	flavonoids	56
4641953227	flavonoids are this type of compound	phenolic	57
4641953228	these phenolics absorb harmful UV radiation	flavonoids	58
4641953229	fossil spores have been found belonging to this geologic period	Ordovician (period)	59
4641953230	___ is cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body	vascular tissue	60
4641953231	most plants have a complex vascular tissue system and therefore are called these	vascular plants	61
4641953232	these are the three types of plants that do not have an extensive transport system	liverworts, hornworts, mosses	62
4641953233	nonvascular plants are informally called these	bryophytes	63
4641953234	bryophytes lack roots and ___	true leaves	64
4641953235	bryophytes lack ___ and true leaves	roots	65
4641953236	club mosses and their relatives make up this group of plants (common name)	lycophytes	66
4641953237	ferns and their relatives make up this group of plants (common name)	pterophytes	67
4641953238	the seedless vascular plants consist of these two types of plants	lycophytes, pterophytes	68
4641953239	the lycophytes and pterophytes are these types of plants	seedless vascular (plants)	69
4641953240	this is an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat	seed	70
4641953241	the seeds in these plants are not enclosed in chambers	gymnosperms	71
4641953242	all the flowering plants are in this clade	angiosperms	72
4641953243	nearly 90% of living plants are these	angiosperms	73
4641953244	these are the three phyla of bryophytes	Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta	74
4641953245	Hepatophyta includes these plants	liverworts	75
4641953246	liverworts are in this phylum	Hepatophyta	76
4641953247	Anthocerophyta includes these plants	hornworts	77
4641953248	hornworts are in this phylum	Anthocerophyta	78
4641953249	Bryophyta includes these plants	mosses	79
4641953250	mosses are in this phylum	Bryophyta	80
4641953251	the dominant stage of the life cycle of the bryophyte phyla is this	gametophyte	81
4641953252	these are a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments that develop from spores in bryophytes	protonemata	82
4641953253	protonemata in bryophytes produce one or more of these structures, in favorable conditions	"buds"	83
4641953254	"buds" are formed from these structures in bryophytes	protonemata	84
4641953255	this is a gamete-producing structure in bryophytes, arising from "buds"	gametophore	85
4641953256	the two components of the body of a moss gametophyte are a protonema and one or more ___	gametophores	86
4641953257	the two components of the body of a moss gametophyte are a ___ and one or more gametophores	protonema	87
4641953258	these are long, tubular single cells or filaments of cells that anchor gametophytes in bryophytes	rhizoids	88
4641953259	rhizoids are long, tubular, single cells in these bryophytes	liverworts, hornworts	89
4641953260	rhizoids are filaments of cells in these bryophytes	mosses	90
4641953261	some mosses reproduce asexually by forming these, small plantlets that detach from the parent plant and grow into clones	brood bodies	91
4641953262	a typical bryophyte sporophyte consists of a foot, a seta, and a ___	sporangium	92
4641953263	a typical bryophyte sporophyte consists of a foot, a ___, and a sporangium	seta	93
4641953264	a typical bryophyte sporophyte consists of a ___, a seta, and a sporangium	foot	94
4641953265	this sporophyte part absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte, in bryophytes	foot	95
4641953266	this conducts materials obtained by the foot to the sporangium in sporophyte bryophytes	seta	96
4641953267	the sporangium is also called this, in bryophytes	capsule	97
4641953268	the seta brings nutrients to this sporophyte part in bryophytes	sporangium	98
4641953269	this is a ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures in bryophytes	peristome	99
4641953270	the peristome is situated on this bryophyte sporophyte structure	capsule	100
4641953271	peristome teeth open under ___ conditions and close under ___ conditions	dry, moist	101
4641953272	liverworts do not have these, but mosses and hornworts do	stomata	102
4641953273	these are pores that support photosynthesis by allowing gas exchange between atmosphere and sporophyte interior	stomata	103
4641953274	these are the main avenues by which water evaporates from the sporophyte	stomata	104
4641953275	some liverworts are described as this, because their gametophytes have a flattened shape	thalloid	105
4641953276	some liverworts are called this, because their stemlike gametophytes have many leaflike appendages	leafy	106
4641953277	these are the two main adjectives to describe various liverworts	leafy, thalloid	107
4641953278	are there more leafy liverworts or thalloid liverworts?	leafy (liverworts)	108
4641953279	the sporophyte in this phylum is microscopic	Hepatophyta	109
4641953280	mosses help retain this nutrient in the soil	nitrogen	110
4641953281	this genus is called peat moss	Sphagnum	111
4641953282	Sphagnum is a genus of this type of plant	peat moss	112
4641953283	Sphagnum forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as this	peat	113
4641953284	these compounds keep Sphagnum from decaying readily	phenolic (compounds)	114
4641953285	lycophytes, ferns, and other seedless vascular plants had well-developed vascular systems by this geologic period	Devonian (period)	115
4641953286	vascular plants have these derived traits: life cycles with dominant sporophytes, transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, well-developed roots, and leaves with ___	sporophylls	116
4641953287	vascular plants have these derived traits: life cycles with dominant sporophytes, transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, well-developed ___, and leaves with sporophylls	roots	117
4641953288	vascular plants have these derived traits: life cycles with dominant sporophytes, transport in vascular tissues called ___, well-developed roots, and leaves with sporophylls	xylem and phloem	118
4641953289	vascular plants have these derived traits: life cycles with dominant ___, transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, well-developed roots, and leaves with sporophylls	sporophytes	119
4641953290	among living vascular plants, this is the larger and more complex plant in the alternation of generations	sporophyte	120
4641953291	on the underside of a vascular plant's sporophyte's reproductive leaves are spots called these	sori	121
4641953292	each one of these is a cluster of sporangia in a vascular sporophyte plant	sorus	122
4641953293	each sorus in a vascular sporophyte plant is a cluster of these	sporangia	123
4641953294	the gametophyte in vascular plants is ___ but still reproduces using cross-reproduction most commonly	bisexual	124
4641953295	this conducts most of the water and minerals in a vascular plant	xylem	125
4641953296	the xylem of most vascular plants include these tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up the roots	tracheids	126
4641953297	tracheids are found in this tissue, in vascular plants	xylem	127
4641953298	vascular plants are sometimes referred to as these, based on the cell type that they have that nonvascular plants do not have	tracheophytes	128
4641953299	the water-conducting cells in vascular plants are strengthened by this phenolic polymer	lignin	129
4641953300	lignin is a ___ polymer	phenolic	130
4641953301	lignin strengthens these cells	tracheids	131
4641953302	this tissue has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products	phloem	132
4641953303	the first forests formed during this geologic period	Devonian (period)	133
4641953304	these are organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil	roots	134
4641953305	these anchor vascular plants, hence allowing the shoot system to grow taller	roots	135
4641953306	these tissues in living plants closely resemble stem tissues of early vascular plants in fossils	root(s)	136
4641953307	these increase the surface area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants	leaves	137
4641953308	leaves can be classified as one of these two types, based on complexity	microphylls, megaphylls	138
4641953309	lycophytes have ___phylls	micro	139
4641953310	microphyll leaves are in this type of plant	lycophyte(s)	140
4641953311	most vascular plants have ___phylls	mega	141
4641953312	leaves originated during this period	Devonian (period)	142
4641953313	microphylls originated from ___ located on the sides of stems	sporangia	143
4641953314	it is called this when a branch grows above all other branches; this type of growth may have led to megaphylls	overtopping (growth)	144
4641953315	these are modified leaves that bear sporangia	sporophylls	145
4641953316	sori grow on the underside of a fern's ___	sporophylls	146
4641953317	in lycophytes and gymnosperms, sporophylls form cone-like ___	strobili	147
4641953318	strobili are made up of these, in lycophytes and gymnosperms	sporophylls	148
4641953319	most seedless tracheophytes are ___sporous	homo	149
4641953320	these species have one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte	homosporous	150
4641953321	these species have two types of sporangia and produce two types of spores	heterosporous	151
4641953322	these develop into female gametophytes in seedless vascular heterosporous plants	megaspores	152
4641953323	these develop into male gametophytes in seedless vascular heterosporous plants	microspores	153
4641953324	all seed plants and some tracheophytes are ___sporous	hetero	154
4641953325	these are the two phyla that are seedless vascular plants	Lycophyta, Pterophyta	155
4641953326	club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are in this phylum	Lycophyta	156
4641953327	Lycophyta consists of these three types of plant	club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts	157
4641953328	Pterophyta consists of these three types of plant	ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns	158
4641953329	ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns are in this phylum	Pterophyta	159
4641953330	Pterophyta was formerly these three phyla	Pterophyta, Sphenophyta, Psilophyta	160
4641953331	Sphenophyta formerly consisted of these plants	horsetails	161
4641953332	horsetails were formerly in this phylum	Sphenophyta	162
4641953333	Psilophyta formerly consisted of these plants	whisk ferns	163
4641953334	whisk ferns were formerly in this phylum	Psilophyta	164
4641953335	by this period, there were two main evolutionary lineages of lycophytes	Carboniferous (period)	165
4641953336	giant tree lycophytes went extinct by the end of this period	Carboniferous (period)	166
4641953337	pterophytes are most diverse in these regions, but do exist in other regions too	tropic(al regions)	167
4641953338	this is the genus of horsetails	Equisetum	168
4641953339	Equisetum is the genus of these pterophytes	horsetails	169
4641953340	whisk ferns are in this genus	Psilotum	170
4641953341	Psilotum is the genus of these pterophytes	whisk ferns	171
4641953342	Psilotum and Tmesipteris are tropical ___	epiphytes	172
4641953343	these two genera are commonly referred to as living fossils, since they resemble ancient relatives of living vascular plants	Psilotum, Tmesipteris	173
4641953344	these are plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites	epiphytes	174
4641953345	the sporophytes of ferns typically have horizontal stems that give rise to these large leaves	fronds	175
4641953346	fronds are often divided into these	leaflets	176
4641953347	one of these grows as its curled tip, a fiddlehead, unfurls	frond(s)	177
4641953348	these are the curled tips of fronds, in ferns	fiddleheads	178
4641953349	almost all ferns are ___sporous	homo	179
4641953350	horsetails have separate stems, called these	fertile, vegetative	180
4641953351	horsetails are ___sporous	homo	181
4641953352	horsetails are also called these because their stems have joints	arthrophytes	182
4641953353	arthrophytes are commonly called these	horsetails	183
4641953354	each yellow knob on a whisk fern is composed of three fused ___	sporangia	184
4641953355	whisk ferns are ___sporous	homo	185