AP World History Chapter 15 Flashcards

7861834465	Basic unit of the early Arabs and related nomadic ppls	Basic unit of Mongol society = the tribe, which was divided into kin related clans whose members camped nad herded together on a regular basis. When threatened by external enemies or prepraring for raids on other nomads or invasions of sedentary areas, clans and tribes = great confederations. They could be hled together for months/years.	0
7861843671	Chinggis Khan, early life	Great Grandfather, Kabul Khan led a Mongol alliance that had won glory by deeating army sent against themby Jin, Kabul then died.	1
7861852291	Chinggis Khan, rise	Got taken prisoner and led in humiliation to the camp of his enemies, then rejoined his mother and went into the mountains, then joined a more powerful Mongol chieftai who had once been aided by Temujin's father, who then avenged the insults of the clan that had enslaved him..	2
7861856189	Kurlitai	Meeting of all Mongol chieftains. He was elected the khagan, or supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.	3
7861861098	Advantages of the Mongols	Mongol warrior could fire a quiver of arrows as distant as 350 yards, the army = all cavalry, and the mongol forces = divied into armies made up of basic fighting units called tumens. Tumens divided into heavy cavalry, which carried lances and metal armor, light cavalry, and had scouting parties to kep the main force informed of enemy's movements.	4
7861866784	Chinggis Khan, messenger force	They switched from horse to horse to carry urgent messages btw khagan and commanders. Mongol values = buttressed by a formal code that dictated immediate executionof warrior who deserted his unit.	5
7861872437	Special Unit: Mongol armies	Supplied them with great maps of the areas they were to invade, were drawn largely according to info supplied b Khan's network of spies and informers. New weapons also devised for the mongol forces.	6
7861875046	Mongol Empire under Chinggis	Quickly began to conquer the known world. At first had problems with fortresses, but soon devised siege weapons like battering rams, catapults, bamboo rockets. Once they enter the town, they destroy it.	7
7861881197	Mongols fight against the Kara Khitai	Moved westward agains the Kara Khitai empire, overwhelmed them, then went after Muhammad Shah's empire and destroyed it.	8
7861884657	Long D trade and Cross cultural Exchange	Chingis Khan = keen interest in arts and learnings, established capital at Karakorum on steppes and summoned the wise and clever from all parts of the empire to the big palace. Consulted with Confucian scholars abt how to rule China, Muslim engineers, Daoist holy men, believed in Shamanism.	9
7861897378	Mongol Conquests, Peace	Brought peace to much of Asia, in the town so fhte epire, handicraft productiona nds cholarship flourshied, artistic creativity was allowed free expression, secure trade troutes made for prosperous merchants, wealthy cosmopolitan cities.	10
7861899832	Death of Chinggis Khan, division of empire	Chinggis Khan turned east w/ army o/ 180,000 warriors, overran Xi Xia, then he died. Ogedei, Chinggis Khan's third son, was khagan, and he directed them into Ssmashing through China, Russia, and Eastern Europe.	11
7861903803	Golden Horde	Named after the golden tent o/ early khans of the western sector of the mongol Empire. Made up one of 4 great khanates into which the empire = divided.	12
7861906432	Batu, Mongol Force	Led a mongol force of more than 120,000 cavalrymen into the Rusian heartlands, these Tartars = only successful winter invasions, and they smashed the larger forces of local nomadic groups. They then smashed through Kiev, spared St. Petersburg, and then moved into Western Europe.	13
7861912664	Affect of Mongol Rule on Russia	Very bad, Russian princes = forced to submit as vassals of the khan of the Golden Horde, pay tribute, fell heavy on the Russian peasantry, who had to give their crops and labor to own princes and Mongol overlords.	14
7861916830	Battle of Kulikova	Orthodox Church chose Moscow as the seat, in alliance with other Russian vassals, raised an army that defeated the forces of the Golden horde at the Battle of Kulikova, victory = destroyed the Mongol hold over Russia. Mongols protected a divided and weak Russia from attacks of much more powerful kingdoms like Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary.	15
7861930169	Prestor John, Myth	Name given to a mythical rich and powerful Chrisitan monarch whose kingdom = cut off from europe by Muslims, loomed large as an ally who could smash the Muslims and join with European Christians to destroy commmon adversary. However, assault on Christian Russia = the Mongols weren't Prestor John,	16
7861936389	Mongols push on into Europe	They smash into Poland and Hungary, but they stop there.	17
7861938285	Mongol Assault on Islamic Heartland	They struck against Mesopotamia and N Africa,they kill the Abbasid Caliph, smash the Seljuk Turks, they sack Baghdad, and they were finaly defeated by the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt.	18
7861948783	Assault on China	Mongos directed by Kubilai Kahan = punchinto South China, but it was hard to defeat. As they came unde rthe Mongols, Kubilai passed laws to preserve disntction btw mongol and Chinese, forbade Chinese scholars to learn Mongol script, Mongols can't marry Chinese, Mongol military forces = separate from the Chinese.	19
7861954016	Kubilai Khan: in china	Set up a capital at Dadu in Beijing, introduced Chinese rituals and calssical music into court, also put the empire on the Chinese calendar, offered sacrifices to ancestors at a special temple in imperial city.	20
7861957187	Gender Roles, convergence of mongol and Chinse Culture	Mongol women = aloof from Chinse culture, won't adopt footbinding, retain rights to property and control.	21
7861959221	Chabi	Wife of Kubilai Khan,one of the most important confidants on poli and diplo matters, promoted Buddhist interest in the highest circle sof gov't. Convinced Kubilai that the harsh treatment of the survivors of the defeated Song imperial family angers ppl o/ North China, make them more difficult to rule.	22
7861962851	Mongol Tolerance, Foreign Cultural influence	Drew lots of scholars artists, artisans, etc to Yuan court. Muslims = second highest social grouping below the Mongols themselves. Persians adn Turks admitted to the inner circle of kubilai's administrators and advisors, they supervised building of his Chinese style imperial city. Importated advanced Middle Eastern Instruments for Celestial Observations, corrected Chinese calendar, made great maps.	23
7861984458	Kubilai, bolstering the position of the artisan classes	Never enjoyed high standing, merchants = dismissed as parasties. From teh outset, Mongols had shown great regard for artisans, b/c o/ useful skills, spared them while killing the city dwellers, they also propsered, commerce boomed. Mongols buitl a big navy, the great war fleets=used to smash pirats. Also went to Vietnam.	24
7862006085	Fall of the House of Yuan	Kubilai Khan's long reing encompassed a good portion of the nine decades in which Mongols ruled all of China, dynasty = began to weaken, song loyalists did revolts, big hostility to foreign overlords, Kubiali's dissolute lifestyle = weakened the ruling class, and hi ssuccessors weren't good leaders. Banditry and piracy become widespread, government's forces can't curb them.	25
7862009988	Whit elOtus Society	Dedicated to overthrowing the dynasty, claimed that they had magicla powers to heal followers and confound their enemeis, rebel leaders quarrleled and fought w/ each other, the Yuan regime dissolved, and the mongols retreated into cent Asia.	26
7862013018	The Ming Dynasty	Founded by Zhu Yangzhang. Ruled China for 3 centuries	27
7862016039	Timur i Lang	Turk, armies moved from bse at Samarkand to conquests in Persia, fertile crescent India, southern Russia, he is well knwon for destruction, and his reign = soon ended. That was the last great challenge of steppe nomads to the civs of Eurasia.	28